{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110525903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3042219","title":"CUA Loss: Class Uncertainty-Aware Gradient Modulation for Robust Object Detection","display_name":"CUA Loss: Class Uncertainty-Aware Gradient Modulation for Robust Object Detection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110525903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3042219","mag":"3110525903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3042219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3042219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036936141","display_name":"Jung Uk Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-4875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung Uk Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-4875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100646694","display_name":"Seong Tae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2132-6021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong Tae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures (CAMP), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2132-6021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures (CAMP), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101684496","display_name":"Hong Joo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6626-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Joo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6626-5683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319624","display_name":"Sangmin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-2549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangmin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-2549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038798134","display_name":"Yong Man Ro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Man Ro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-6853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.15,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81400904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"9","first_page":"3529","last_page":"3543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.7883918285369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6843006610870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6276847124099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6042639017105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5238825678825378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5004580020904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4566878080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44028475880622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.42586684226989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42167019844055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41775578260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.291858971118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12773457169532776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7883918285369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6843006610870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6276847124099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6042639017105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5238825678825378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5004580020904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4566878080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44028475880622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.42586684226989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42167019844055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41775578260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.291858971118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12773457169532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3042219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3042219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:koasas.kaist.ac.kr:10203/288178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10203/288178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402435","display_name":"KAIST Institutional Repository (KAIST)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","host_organization_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582134693","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2043767314","https://openalex.org/W2063411532","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2579985080","https://openalex.org/W2585724928","https://openalex.org/W2600383743","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2626967530","https://openalex.org/W2791866340","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2798463715","https://openalex.org/W2798542761","https://openalex.org/W2808989867","https://openalex.org/W2883208628","https://openalex.org/W2886335102","https://openalex.org/W2888527098","https://openalex.org/W2891155035","https://openalex.org/W2891894830","https://openalex.org/W2894878591","https://openalex.org/W2896696305","https://openalex.org/W2896991173","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2902609089","https://openalex.org/W2906580494","https://openalex.org/W2907183510","https://openalex.org/W2917092108","https://openalex.org/W2924450865","https://openalex.org/W2945261895","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2962677013","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2962777203","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962992847","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963068995","https://openalex.org/W2963113370","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963167203","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963418361","https://openalex.org/W2963474687","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2963953305","https://openalex.org/W2964059111","https://openalex.org/W2964212410","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964444661","https://openalex.org/W2969875432","https://openalex.org/W2979332630","https://openalex.org/W2979811391","https://openalex.org/W2980340940","https://openalex.org/W2984009799","https://openalex.org/W2984816230","https://openalex.org/W2988452521","https://openalex.org/W2991403827","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3015352266","https://openalex.org/W3016101116","https://openalex.org/W3016916515","https://openalex.org/W3017351200","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3020833432","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3090204745","https://openalex.org/W3098691969","https://openalex.org/W3101414204","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6617145748","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6732243160","https://openalex.org/W6735443497","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6750697433","https://openalex.org/W6753494528","https://openalex.org/W6753529042","https://openalex.org/W6755621087","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6760298344","https://openalex.org/W6776110894","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4380086463","https://openalex.org/W4225161397","https://openalex.org/W2883677709","https://openalex.org/W3014300295","https://openalex.org/W2970686063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"a":[1,15,80,117],"wide":[2],"range":[3],"of":[4,40,57,74,101,209],"research":[5],"on":[6,70,108,137,188],"object":[7,23,25,51,76,103,163,170,211],"detection":[8],"has":[9],"shown":[10],"breakthrough":[11],"performance.":[12],"However,":[13,60],"in":[14,91,111,157],"challenging":[16,178],"environment,":[17],"such":[18,37],"as":[19,132,134],"occlusion":[20],"and":[21,197,213],"small":[22],"cases,":[24],"detectors":[26,52,104,164,171,212],"still":[27],"produce":[28],"inaccurate":[29],"or":[30],"erroneous":[31],"predictions.":[32,93],"To":[33],"effectively":[34,175],"cope":[35,176],"with":[36,172,177],"conditions,":[38],"most":[39],"the":[41,50,55,63,71,75,99,102,109,112,129,135,147,154,162,207,210],"existing":[42],"methods":[43],"have":[44],"suggested":[45],"loss":[46,64,119,127,142,151,155,174,205,217],"functions":[47],"to":[48,88,97,146],"guide":[49],"by":[53],"modulating":[54,62,141],"magnitude":[56],"their":[58,92],"loss.":[59,125],"when":[61,140,161],"function,":[65],"they":[66],"are":[67,183],"highly":[68],"dependent":[69],"classification":[72,138,148],"score":[73,139],"detector.":[77],"It":[78],"is":[79],"known":[81],"fact":[82],"that":[83,202],"deep":[84],"neural":[85],"networks":[86],"tend":[87],"be":[89],"overconfident":[90],"In":[94,144],"this":[95],"article,":[96],"alleviate":[98],"problem":[100],"which":[105],"heavily":[106],"rely":[107],"prediction":[110,181],"training":[113],"phase,":[114],"we":[115,200],"devise":[116],"novel":[118],"function":[120],"called":[121],"class":[122],"uncertainty-aware":[123],"(CUA)":[124],"CUA":[126,150,173,204],"considers":[128],"predictive":[130],"ambiguity":[131],"well":[133],"predictions":[136],"function.":[143],"addition":[145],"score,":[149],"further":[152],"modulates":[153],"gradient":[156],"an":[158,166],"increasing":[159],"way":[160],"output":[165],"uncertain":[167],"prediction.":[168],"Therefore,":[169],"environments":[179],"where":[180],"results":[182],"uncertain.":[184],"With":[185],"comprehensive":[186],"experiments":[187],"three":[189],"public":[190],"datasets":[191],"(i.e.":[192],"PASCAL":[193],"VOC,":[194],"MS":[195],"COCO,":[196],"Berkeley":[198],"DeepDrive),":[199],"verified":[201],"our":[203],"enhanced":[206],"accuracy":[208],"outperformed":[214],"previous":[215],"state-of-the-art":[216],"functions.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
