{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3038433966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3006236","title":"Towards Unconstrained Facial Landmark Detection Robust to Diverse Cropping Manners","display_name":"Towards Unconstrained Facial Landmark Detection Robust to Diverse Cropping Manners","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3038433966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3006236","mag":"3038433966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3006236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3006236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067026960","display_name":"Xu Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-7404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-7404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058120787","display_name":"Peng Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-0921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-0921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334399","display_name":"Jianhui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9716-3484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075653923","display_name":"Luxin Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luxin Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-2702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026169204","display_name":"Sheng Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-8202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101780958","display_name":"Ying Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6768-5118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6708,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71178227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"2070","last_page":"2075"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.840911865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6509588360786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6430581212043762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6257845163345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cropping","display_name":"Cropping","score":0.4668805003166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4230259656906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15071430802345276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.840911865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6509588360786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6430581212043762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6257845163345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13558536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116","display_name":"Cropping","level":3,"score":0.4668805003166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4230259656906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15071430802345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3006236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2020.3006236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5914841961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W1423956875","https://openalex.org/W1795776638","https://openalex.org/W1955055330","https://openalex.org/W1976948919","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2111372597","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2166694921","https://openalex.org/W2171590421","https://openalex.org/W2251810906","https://openalex.org/W2284800790","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2311778361","https://openalex.org/W2345945060","https://openalex.org/W2462523589","https://openalex.org/W2474575620","https://openalex.org/W2736728583","https://openalex.org/W2736786357","https://openalex.org/W2737067721","https://openalex.org/W2740020909","https://openalex.org/W2887748972","https://openalex.org/W2897558462","https://openalex.org/W2952074561","https://openalex.org/W2962819150","https://openalex.org/W2962981304","https://openalex.org/W2963377935","https://openalex.org/W2963781481","https://openalex.org/W2963789946","https://openalex.org/W2964304707","https://openalex.org/W2981725829","https://openalex.org/W2983367574","https://openalex.org/W2985243484","https://openalex.org/W2996904338","https://openalex.org/W3015672278","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3199262087","https://openalex.org/W3214102110","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6628349981","https://openalex.org/W6697925102","https://openalex.org/W6751831877","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6800998707","https://openalex.org/W6804270185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0,67,120],"landmark":[1,18,64,68,132],"detection":[2,19,65,69],"is":[3],"one":[4],"crucial":[5],"step":[6],"for":[7,163],"face-based":[8],"image/video":[9],"analysis.":[10],"Despite":[11],"the":[12,35,59,62,86,128,137,157,174,179,191],"fact":[13],"that":[14,124],"recently":[15],"many":[16],"facial":[17,52,63,131],"models":[20],"have":[21],"achieved":[22,196],"remarkable":[23],"performance,":[24],"most":[25],"state-of-the-art":[26],"heatmap":[27],"regression-based":[28],"methods":[29],"heavily":[30],"rely":[31],"on":[32,207],"initialization":[33],"of":[34,61,130,144,176],"face":[36,48,77,89,101,164,208],"detector.":[37],"However,":[38],"there":[39],"inevitably":[40],"exists":[41],"semantic":[42],"gaps":[43],"among":[44],"different":[45],"annotators":[46],"or":[47,186],"detectors.":[49],"An":[50],"improper":[51,183],"bounding":[53,95,110],"box":[54],"will":[55],"tremendously":[56],"drop":[57],"off":[58],"performance":[60],"model.":[66],"would":[70],"be":[71],"more":[72],"practical":[73],"if":[74],"robust":[75],"to":[76,134,159,215],"images":[78,90,102,165,209],"cropped":[79,91,103,166,210],"by":[80,92,104,167,182,211],"diverse":[81,168,212],"manners":[82,213],"(see":[83],"Figure":[84],"1,":[85],"col.1":[87],"shows":[88],"a":[93,108,118,147],"proper":[94],"box,":[96],"col.2":[97],"and":[98,107,151,188],"col.3":[99],"show":[100],"an":[105,152],"oversize":[106],"small":[109],"boxes":[111],"respectively).":[112],"To":[113],"this":[114],"end,":[115],"we":[116],"present":[117],"\u201cUnconstrained":[119],"Landmark":[121,149],"Detection(UFLD)\u201d":[122],"mechanism,":[123],"aims":[125],"at":[126],"enhancing":[127],"robustness":[129],"detection,":[133],"deal":[135],"with":[136],"inconsistent":[138],"cropping":[139,184],"manner":[140],"issue.":[141],"UFLD":[142],"consists":[143],"two":[145],"aspects:":[146],"Transformation-Invariant":[148],"Detector(TILD)":[150],"Availability-Guided":[153],"Solver(AGS).":[154],"TILD":[155],"gives":[156],"ability":[158],"detect":[160],"consistent":[161],"landmarks":[162,203],"manners.":[169],"And":[170],"AGS":[171],"can":[172],"alleviate":[173],"by-effect":[175],"\u201clandmarks":[177],"outside":[178],"image\u201d":[180],"caused":[181],"results":[185],"TILD,":[187],"further":[189],"promote":[190],"performance.":[192],"The":[193],"proposed":[194],"mechanism":[195],"above":[197],"6.5%":[198],"improvement":[199],"in":[200],"standard":[201],"normalized":[202],"mean":[204],"error":[205],"reduction":[206],"compared":[214],"baselines.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
