{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982593110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2949868","title":"Detection of Spoofing Medium Contours for Face Anti-Spoofing","display_name":"Detection of Spoofing Medium Contours for Face Anti-Spoofing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982593110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2949868","mag":"2982593110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2949868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2949868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101748233","display_name":"Xun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-7571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-7571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-9554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-9554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101889358","display_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-3501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peng Cheng Laboratory, Cyberspace Security Research Center, Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-3501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Cyberspace Security Research Center, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040091210","display_name":"Haoliang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-8112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoliang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080977911","display_name":"Alex C. Kot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-8125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex C. Kot","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-8125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6176,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90925635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"2039","last_page":"2045"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.8777435421943665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7783493995666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7693822383880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.7643797993659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6138735413551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5954050421714783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5929983258247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5297537446022034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5106609463691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.48391276597976685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13494440913200378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.8777435421943665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7783493995666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7693822383880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.7643797993659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6138735413551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5954050421714783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5929983258247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5297537446022034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5106609463691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.48391276597976685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13494440913200378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2949868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2949868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3013396789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61525203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3922116815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4257199293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110336333","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1487288055","https://openalex.org/W1557252109","https://openalex.org/W1704933117","https://openalex.org/W1835705677","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1889383825","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2004211009","https://openalex.org/W2037743333","https://openalex.org/W2042883034","https://openalex.org/W2048480868","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2095252718","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2106852298","https://openalex.org/W2129622867","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165043427","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2341318667","https://openalex.org/W2418633638","https://openalex.org/W2551249768","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2571605458","https://openalex.org/W2594656819","https://openalex.org/W2762867765","https://openalex.org/W2765300765","https://openalex.org/W2780314033","https://openalex.org/W2782801008","https://openalex.org/W2790392345","https://openalex.org/W2798097728","https://openalex.org/W2885013511","https://openalex.org/W2888286956","https://openalex.org/W2903298537","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W6637339757","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6684157366","https://openalex.org/W6684314024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045049461","https://openalex.org/W4381094582","https://openalex.org/W1978893398","https://openalex.org/W1977906818","https://openalex.org/W2201908702","https://openalex.org/W2369625323","https://openalex.org/W2364579609","https://openalex.org/W1522139108","https://openalex.org/W3012240659","https://openalex.org/W2971551846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"anti-spoofing":[1,43],"is":[2],"an":[3,83],"important":[4],"step":[5],"for":[6,32,63,97],"secure":[7],"face":[8,23,42,100],"recognition.":[9],"In":[10],"this":[11,35],"paper,":[12],"we":[13,37],"target":[14],"on":[15,111],"building":[16],"a":[17,56],"general":[18],"classifier":[19],"to":[20],"detect":[21],"the":[22,39,45,50,64,69,72,76,86,92,95,99,109,112],"images":[24,101],"with":[25,102],"spoofing":[26],"medium":[27],"contours":[28],"(termed":[29],"as":[30,44],"SMCs":[31,48,73],"simplicity).":[33],"To":[34],"end,":[36],"consider":[38],"task":[40],"of":[41,47,71,94],"detection":[46],"from":[49],"image.":[51],"We":[52],"propose":[53],"and":[54],"train":[55],"Contour":[57],"Enhanced":[58],"Mask":[59],"R-CNN":[60],"(CEM-RCNN)":[61],"model":[62,67],"detection.":[65],"This":[66],"detects":[68],"existence":[70],"by":[74],"incorporating":[75],"contour":[77],"objectness":[78],"which":[79,104],"measures":[80],"how":[81],"likely":[82],"object":[84],"contains":[85],"SMCs.":[87],"The":[88],"experimental":[89],"results":[90],"demonstrate":[91],"generality":[93],"CEM-RCNN":[96],"identifying":[98],"SMCs,":[103],"performs":[105],"significantly":[106],"better":[107],"than":[108],"state-of-the-art":[110],"cross-database":[113],"scenario.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}