{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976549228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2942970","title":"Counting Objects by Blockwise Classification","display_name":"Counting Objects by Blockwise Classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976549228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2942970","mag":"2976549228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2942970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2942970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021722049","display_name":"Liang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9324-823X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033681666","display_name":"Hao L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-8664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056609571","display_name":"Haipeng Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-3807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041554011","display_name":"Ke Xian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0884-5126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Xian","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036358447","display_name":"Zhiguo Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-1863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-Spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006294869","display_name":"Chunhua Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-8718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhua Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021722049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1677,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93736071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"10","first_page":"3513","last_page":"3527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5678471922874451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5325666069984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5306652188301086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.508857011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4470481872558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-density-estimation","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","score":0.43981197476387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4323154389858246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4319005310535431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.42445555329322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.42134207487106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35883739590644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3031770586967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.19092237949371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.09857639670372009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5678471922874451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5325666069984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5306652188301086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.508857011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4470481872558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.43981197476387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4323154389858246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4319005310535431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.42445555329322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.42134207487106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35883739590644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3031770586967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.19092237949371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.09857639670372009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2942970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2019.2942970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2885069300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1203557841","https://openalex.org/W1542079534","https://openalex.org/W1625969186","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1910619957","https://openalex.org/W1910776219","https://openalex.org/W1976959044","https://openalex.org/W1987118352","https://openalex.org/W2013039598","https://openalex.org/W2072232009","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2123175289","https://openalex.org/W2145983039","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2345408812","https://openalex.org/W2463631526","https://openalex.org/W2519281173","https://openalex.org/W2587405816","https://openalex.org/W2600267359","https://openalex.org/W2734511492","https://openalex.org/W2741077351","https://openalex.org/W2775447965","https://openalex.org/W2784622869","https://openalex.org/W2798489385","https://openalex.org/W2798490576","https://openalex.org/W2804654955","https://openalex.org/W2808519136","https://openalex.org/W2883929025","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2884960332","https://openalex.org/W2886443245","https://openalex.org/W2890524955","https://openalex.org/W2962720716","https://openalex.org/W2962741876","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2962854645","https://openalex.org/W2963035940","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963231953","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963732628","https://openalex.org/W2963826106","https://openalex.org/W2963866368","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963977226","https://openalex.org/W2964046724","https://openalex.org/W2964193874","https://openalex.org/W2964203052","https://openalex.org/W2964209782","https://openalex.org/W2964264515","https://openalex.org/W2967973088","https://openalex.org/W2996703886","https://openalex.org/W4289678532","https://openalex.org/W6632569617","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639799379","https://openalex.org/W6681368121","https://openalex.org/W6748431764","https://openalex.org/W6751887016","https://openalex.org/W6753081716","https://openalex.org/W6753534557","https://openalex.org/W6753789716","https://openalex.org/W6754034799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2053596378","https://openalex.org/W1982025852","https://openalex.org/W2168523118","https://openalex.org/W2106540031","https://openalex.org/W2037489600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,147],"this":[1,84,148,164,242],"paper,":[2,149],"we":[3,150,247,311],"introduce":[4],"the":[5,23,29,57,66,79,98,205,215,220,249,260],"idea":[6,165],"of":[7,89,122,179,190,208,222,230,251,262],"blockwise":[8],"classification":[9],"to":[10,21,27,111,118,174,186,240],"count":[11,31,158,178,189,206,231],"objects.":[12],"The":[13,161,313],"current":[14],"mainstream":[15],"method":[16,203,273],"for":[17,325],"counting":[18],"objects":[19,103],"is":[20,62,126,166,184],"regress":[22,28],"density":[24,60],"map":[25,32,61,68],"or":[26,81,181,275],"redundant":[30],"via":[33],"a":[34,70,87,112,119,127,188,191,196,227,320],"deep":[35],"convolutional":[36],"neural":[37],"network":[38],"(CNN).":[39],"However,":[40],"these":[41,152],"methods":[42],"suffer":[43],"from":[44,290],"two":[45,153],"critical":[46],"issues:":[47],"inaccurately":[48],"generated":[49,63],"regression":[50],"targets":[51],"and":[52,91,140,259,270,294,304,322],"serious":[53],"sample":[54,223],"imbalances.":[55],"First,":[56],"ground":[58],"truth":[59],"by":[64,212],"convolving":[65],"dot":[67],"using":[69],"Gaussian":[71,254],"kernel.":[72],"Because":[73],"an":[74,176,234],"inappropriate":[75],"kernel":[76,255],"can":[77,237],"cover":[78],"background":[80],"uncover":[82],"objects,":[83],"approach":[85],"introduces":[86],"form":[88],"noise,":[90],"therefore":[92],"results":[93,314],"in":[94,106,137,142,265],"ambiguities":[95],"when":[96],"training":[97],"networks.":[99],"Second,":[100],"inhomogeneously":[101],"distributed":[102],"often":[104],"exist":[105],"images,":[107],"which":[108,125],"gives":[109],"rise":[110],"data":[113],"collection":[114],"bias.":[115],"This":[116],"leads":[117],"long-tailed":[120],"distribution":[121],"region":[123,192],"counts,":[124,217],"typical":[128],"characteristic":[129],"that":[130,167,193,310,316],"occurs":[131],"with":[132,199,278],"imbalanced":[133,252],"samples;":[134],"therefore,":[135],"underestimations":[136],"high-density":[138],"regions":[139,144],"overestimations":[141],"low-density":[143],"are":[145],"common.":[146],"address":[151],"issues":[154],"within":[155,195],"one":[156,296,300,305],"framework-blockwise":[157],"level":[159],"classification.":[160],"intuition":[162],"behind":[163],"while":[168],"it":[169,183],"may":[170],"not":[171],"be":[172,238],"possible":[173,185],"provide":[175,187],"exact":[177],"pixels":[180],"patches,":[182],"falls":[194],"certain":[197],"interval":[198],"high":[200],"confidence.":[201],"Our":[202],"classifies":[204],"levels":[207],"each":[209,263],"block":[210],"produced":[211],"nonlinearly":[213],"quantizing":[214],"continuous":[216],"thus":[218],"transforming":[219],"imbalance":[221,229],"patch":[224],"counts":[225],"into":[226],"class":[228],"levels.":[232],"Consequently,":[233],"information-entropy-inspired":[235],"loss":[236],"applied":[239],"alleviate":[241],"issue.":[243],"Through":[244],"ablative":[245],"studies,":[246],"analyze":[248],"impact":[250],"data,":[253],"sizes,":[256],"quantization":[257],"errors,":[258],"effectiveness":[261],"module":[264],"our":[266,272,317],"method.":[267],"Without":[268],"bells":[269],"whistles,":[271],"outperforms":[274],"performs":[276],"competitively":[277],"other":[279],"state-of-the-art":[280],"approaches":[281],"on":[282],"seven":[283],"object-counting":[284],"benchmarks,":[285],"including":[286],"four":[287],"crowd-counting":[288],"datasets":[289],"ShanghaiTech,":[291],"WorldExpo'10,":[292],"UCF-QNRF":[293],"UCF_CC_50,":[295],"vehicle-counting":[297],"dataset":[298,302,309],"(TRANCOS),":[299],"maize-tassel-counting":[301],"(MTC),":[303],"challenging":[306],"sonar":[307],"fish-counting":[308],"constructed.":[312],"suggest":[315],"framework":[318],"provides":[319],"strong":[321],"improved":[323],"baseline":[324],"object":[326],"counting.":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}