{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2515830453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2607299","title":"A Robust Multibit Multiplicative Watermark Decoder Using a Vector-Based Hidden Markov Model in Wavelet Domain","display_name":"A Robust Multibit Multiplicative Watermark Decoder Using a Vector-Based Hidden Markov Model in Wavelet Domain","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2515830453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2607299","mag":"2515830453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2607299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2607299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029996071","display_name":"Marzieh Amini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5217-2969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marzieh Amini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Signal Processing and Communications, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Signal Processing and Communications, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068820891","display_name":"M. Omair Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-6659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Omair Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Signal Processing and Communications, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-6659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Signal Processing and Communications, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013967994","display_name":"M.N.S. Swamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.N.S. Swamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Signal Processing and Communications, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Signal Processing and Communications, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94819964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"402","last_page":"413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.706401526927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.6199751496315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5854740738868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5592002272605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48458564281463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4827663004398346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.44806233048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.44008946418762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-normal-distribution","display_name":"Generalized normal distribution","score":0.4373611509799957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cauchy-distribution","display_name":"Cauchy distribution","score":0.4343471825122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.4173109233379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3978184759616852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-distribution","display_name":"Normal distribution","score":0.1676855981349945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11995723843574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08650791645050049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.706401526927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.6199751496315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5854740738868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5592002272605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48458564281463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4827663004398346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44806233048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.44008946418762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171383496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497477","display_name":"Generalized normal distribution","level":3,"score":0.4373611509799957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49344536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726441","display_name":"Cauchy distribution","level":2,"score":0.4343471825122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.4173109233379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3978184759616852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102094743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133871","display_name":"Normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.1676855981349945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11995723843574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08650791645050049}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2607299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2607299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513430854","https://openalex.org/W1526343508","https://openalex.org/W1568159716","https://openalex.org/W1965445419","https://openalex.org/W2008045962","https://openalex.org/W2008720721","https://openalex.org/W2019724581","https://openalex.org/W2025538567","https://openalex.org/W2029077369","https://openalex.org/W2036949513","https://openalex.org/W2041432922","https://openalex.org/W2048764473","https://openalex.org/W2055279226","https://openalex.org/W2068585716","https://openalex.org/W2072906874","https://openalex.org/W2092368531","https://openalex.org/W2097246119","https://openalex.org/W2107465879","https://openalex.org/W2113801595","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2120400964","https://openalex.org/W2122380698","https://openalex.org/W2122964006","https://openalex.org/W2130150062","https://openalex.org/W2132496448","https://openalex.org/W2133958774","https://openalex.org/W2134929491","https://openalex.org/W2136506345","https://openalex.org/W2140129132","https://openalex.org/W2147444658","https://openalex.org/W2150120413","https://openalex.org/W2154418898","https://openalex.org/W2157410860","https://openalex.org/W2161949547","https://openalex.org/W2170151472","https://openalex.org/W2171710328","https://openalex.org/W2180372284","https://openalex.org/W2293936600","https://openalex.org/W2356942357","https://openalex.org/W2981901776","https://openalex.org/W6606498862","https://openalex.org/W7036011421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,62,89],"vector-based":[1,57],"hidden":[2],"Markov":[3],"model":[4,10],"(HMM)":[5],"is":[6,21,64,75,96,125,132],"a":[7,46,50,99],"powerful":[8],"statistical":[9],"for":[11,48,77],"characterizing":[12],"the":[13,16,25,32,38,56,68,78,92,109,114,129,142],"distribution":[14,28],"of":[15,23,37,91,101,138],"wavelet":[17,39,60],"coefficients,":[18],"since":[19],"it":[20],"capable":[22],"capturing":[24],"subband":[26],"marginal":[27],"as":[29,31],"well":[30],"inter-scale":[33],"and":[34,82,105],"cross-orientation":[35],"dependencies":[36],"coefficients.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"scheme":[47],"designing":[49],"blind":[51],"multibit":[52],"watermark":[53,94],"decoder":[54,63,131],"incorporating":[55],"HMM":[58],"in":[59],"domain.":[61],"designed":[65,111],"based":[66,112],"on":[67,113],"maximum":[69],"likelihood":[70],"criterion.":[71],"A":[72],"closed-form":[73],"expression":[74],"derived":[76],"bit":[79],"error":[80],"rate":[81],"validated":[83],"experimentally":[84],"with":[85,122,141],"Monte":[86],"Carlo":[87],"simulations.":[88],"performance":[90],"proposed":[93,130],"detector":[95],"evaluated":[97],"using":[98],"set":[100],"standard":[102],"test":[103],"images":[104],"shown":[106,127],"to":[107],"outperform":[108],"decoders":[110],"Cauchy":[115],"or":[116,121],"generalized":[117],"Gaussian":[118],"distributions":[119],"without":[120],"attacks.":[123],"It":[124],"also":[126],"that":[128],"more":[133],"robust":[134],"against":[135],"various":[136],"kinds":[137],"attacks":[139],"compared":[140],"state-of-the-art":[143],"methods.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}