{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2511925907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2603535","title":"Local Gradient Hexa Pattern: A Descriptor for Face Recognition and Retrieval","display_name":"Local Gradient Hexa Pattern: A Descriptor for Face Recognition and Retrieval","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2511925907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2603535","mag":"2511925907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2603535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2603535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026147621","display_name":"Soumendu Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8778-8229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26072440","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03rgjt374","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soumendu Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Information Technology at Allahabad, Allahabad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Information Technology at Allahabad, Allahabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071107603","display_name":"Satish Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8536-4991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26072440","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03rgjt374","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satish Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Information Technology at Allahabad, Allahabad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Information Technology at Allahabad, Allahabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023091561","display_name":"Pavan Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9260-1131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26072440","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03rgjt374","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavan Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Information Technology at Allahabad, Allahabad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Information Technology at Allahabad, Allahabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026147621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0101,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97048014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"171","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.802013099193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.8019149303436279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7831592559814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6306153535842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6147590279579163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6108273267745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5855814218521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5574971437454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5078769326210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.45541855692863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44785669445991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.41564521193504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3750302791595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.358595609664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.23769479990005493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.802013099193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.8019149303436279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7831592559814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6306153535842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6147590279579163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6108273267745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5855814218521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5574971437454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5078769326210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.45541855692863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44785669445991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.41564521193504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3750302791595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.358595609664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.23769479990005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2603535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2603535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541521713","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1825459403","https://openalex.org/W1964762821","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1991385629","https://openalex.org/W1993655741","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W2006793117","https://openalex.org/W2017381048","https://openalex.org/W2033302519","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2038118599","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2040179990","https://openalex.org/W2053880411","https://openalex.org/W2059652177","https://openalex.org/W2097777575","https://openalex.org/W2110219068","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2131273085","https://openalex.org/W2134262590","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2145947562","https://openalex.org/W2156001867","https://openalex.org/W2160164899","https://openalex.org/W2160254522","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2217896605","https://openalex.org/W2265528551","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6676802960","https://openalex.org/W6693154613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2583894904","https://openalex.org/W1990254706","https://openalex.org/W2404514746","https://openalex.org/W1843372508","https://openalex.org/W1589677080","https://openalex.org/W1999808563","https://openalex.org/W2558391773","https://openalex.org/W2492432316","https://openalex.org/W2770255720","https://openalex.org/W1509533962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Local":[0],"descriptors":[1,13,27],"used":[2],"in":[3,8,16,38,80,87],"face":[4],"recognition":[5,109,163],"are":[6],"robust":[7],"a":[9,43,51],"sense":[10],"that":[11,36,58],"these":[12,26,96],"perform":[14],"well":[15,85,165],"varying":[17],"pose,":[18],"illumination,":[19],"and":[20,66,110,134,142,155],"lighting":[21],"conditions.":[22],"The":[23,91,108,158],"accuracy":[24],"of":[25,32,42,113],"depends":[28],"on":[29],"the":[30,34,39,60,63,81,114,139],"precision":[31],"mapping":[33],"relationship":[35,61],"exists":[37,79],"local":[40,52,82,124,127,131,135],"neighborhood":[41,83],"facial":[44,103,144],"image":[45,145],"into":[46,98],"microstructures.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"gradient":[53],"hexa":[54],"pattern":[55,137],"is":[56],"proposed":[57,92,115,159],"identifies":[59],"among":[62],"reference":[64],"pixel":[65],"its":[67],"neighboring":[68],"pixels":[69],"at":[70],"different":[71,74,88],"distances":[72],"across":[73],"derivative":[75,89,125],"directions.":[76,90],"Discriminative":[77],"information":[78],"as":[84,86,164,166],"descriptor":[93,116,160],"effectively":[94],"transforms":[95],"relationships":[97],"binary":[99,132],"micropatterns":[100],"discriminating":[101],"inter-class":[102],"images":[104],"with":[105,120,170],"optimal":[106],"precision.":[107],"retrieval":[111,167],"performance":[112],"has":[117,161],"been":[118],"compared":[119,169],"state-of-the-art":[121,171],"descriptors,":[122],"namely,":[123],"pattern,":[126,129,133],"tetra":[128],"multiblock":[130],"vector":[136],"over":[138],"most":[140],"challenging":[141],"benchmark":[143],"databases,":[146],"i.e.,":[147],"Cropped":[148],"Extended":[149],"Yale":[150],"B,":[151],"CMU-PIE,":[152],"color-FERET,":[153],"LFW,":[154],"Ghallager":[156],"database.":[157],"better":[162],"rates":[168],"descriptors.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}