{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2331517147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2015.2409693","title":"Making Residual Vector Distribution Uniform for Distinctive Image Representation","display_name":"Making Residual Vector Distribution Uniform for Distinctive Image Representation","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2331517147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2015.2409693","mag":"2331517147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2015.2409693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2015.2409693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080018418","display_name":"Zhen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-1494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information ScienceKey Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information ScienceKey Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078141810","display_name":"Houqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information ScienceKey Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information ScienceKey Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046805800","display_name":"Wengang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-9836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wengang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information ScienceKey Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information ScienceKey Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012542055","display_name":"Ting Rui","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Rui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111172356","display_name":"Qi Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080018418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6207,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93488968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"375","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.831024169921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.674441933631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6142981648445129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6032057404518127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6006940007209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5887124538421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5486732721328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5384215712547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5043185949325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4917052388191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4694368839263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4626496732234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29371538758277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07645204663276672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.831024169921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.674441933631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6142981648445129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6032057404518127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6006940007209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5887124538421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5486732721328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5384215712547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5043185949325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4917052388191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4694368839263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4626496732234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29371538758277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07645204663276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2015.2409693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2015.2409693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1490475766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472378","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3357998428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G433932707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015CB351803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4384548406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61325009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4636562702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK2100060014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4694914812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61390514","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6372974985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61429201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8349767134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8430380094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK2100060011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556531089","https://openalex.org/W1676552347","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1679894842","https://openalex.org/W1972378554","https://openalex.org/W1979931042","https://openalex.org/W1984309565","https://openalex.org/W1987286789","https://openalex.org/W1988674770","https://openalex.org/W1989072326","https://openalex.org/W1990366180","https://openalex.org/W1998605630","https://openalex.org/W2003046692","https://openalex.org/W2010262905","https://openalex.org/W2012592962","https://openalex.org/W2018057603","https://openalex.org/W2027252237","https://openalex.org/W2033832873","https://openalex.org/W2044284589","https://openalex.org/W2045143396","https://openalex.org/W2068143350","https://openalex.org/W2071027807","https://openalex.org/W2084445849","https://openalex.org/W2084620961","https://openalex.org/W2095004878","https://openalex.org/W2103924867","https://openalex.org/W2105516263","https://openalex.org/W2118355530","https://openalex.org/W2119619564","https://openalex.org/W2123737024","https://openalex.org/W2128017662","https://openalex.org/W2130230179","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2133845638","https://openalex.org/W2141362318","https://openalex.org/W2146081294","https://openalex.org/W2146983301","https://openalex.org/W2148567861","https://openalex.org/W2148809531","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2159797991","https://openalex.org/W2162046100","https://openalex.org/W2167481535","https://openalex.org/W2171139251","https://openalex.org/W6683465740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W1997182898","https://openalex.org/W156213964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"image":[1,18,142],"representation":[2],"by":[3,94],"vector":[4],"of":[5,102,146,172,219],"locally":[6],"aggregated":[7],"descriptors":[8],"(VLADs)":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"demonstrated":[12],"to":[13,21,37,42,54,72,87,98,135,139,163],"be":[14],"super":[15],"efficient":[16],"in":[17,25,130],"representation.":[19],"Due":[20],"the":[22,26,66,89,114,119,128,131,136,147,151,160,169,173,208,217],"coarse":[23,104,137],"division":[24],"feature":[27,120],"space,":[28],"its":[29],"discriminative":[30,170],"power":[31,171],"is":[32,41,111,122,145],"limited.":[33],"One":[34],"intuitive":[35],"way":[36],"address":[38],"this":[39,51,80],"issue":[40],"construct":[43],"a":[44,47,55,76,84,103,106],"VLAD":[45,58,74],"with":[46,179,200,207],"larger":[48],"vocabulary,":[49,105,118],"but":[50],"will":[52],"lead":[53],"higher":[56],"dimensional":[57],"and":[59,195,204],"suffer":[60],"more":[61],"computational":[62],"complexity":[63],"when":[64],"learning":[65],"principal":[67],"component":[68],"analysis":[69],"parameters":[70],"used":[71],"project":[73],"onto":[75],"low-dimensional":[77],"space.":[78],"In":[79,91,154],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,126,156],"propose":[83],"hierarchical":[85],"scheme":[86],"build":[88],"VLAD.":[90,153,174,212],"our":[92,177,220],"approach,":[93],"generating":[95],"some":[96],"subwords":[97],"each":[99],"visual":[100,109,117],"word":[101],"hidden":[107,115,132],"layer":[108,116,133,138],"vocabulary":[110,134],"constructed.":[112],"With":[113],"space":[121],"divided":[123],"finer.":[124],"Then,":[125],"aggregate":[127],"residues":[129],"obtain":[140],"an":[141],"descriptor":[143,165],"that":[144,158],"same":[148],"dimension":[149],"as":[150,202],"original":[152],"addition,":[155],"reveal":[157],"performing":[159],"whitening":[161],"operation":[162],"local":[164],"can":[166],"further":[167],"enhance":[168],"We":[175],"validate":[176],"approach":[178],"experiments":[180],"mainly":[181],"conducted":[182],"on":[183,211],"three":[184],"benchmark":[185],"data":[186,190,193,198],"sets,":[187],"i.e.,":[188],"Holidays":[189],"set,":[191,194],"UKBench":[192],"Oxford":[196],"Building":[197],"set":[199],"Flickr1M":[201],"distractors":[203],"make":[205],"comparison":[206],"related":[209],"algorithms":[210],"The":[213],"experimental":[214],"results":[215],"demonstrate":[216],"effectiveness":[218],"algorithm.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
