{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008678101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2014.2355697","title":"Looking Inside Category: Subcategory-Aware Object Recognition","display_name":"Looking Inside Category: Subcategory-Aware Object Recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008678101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2014.2355697","mag":"2008678101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2014.2355697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2014.2355697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008141914","display_name":"Jian Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-4477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435685","display_name":"Qiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7266-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120068","display_name":"IBM Research - Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/027r3nx49","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210120068"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120068"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100668696","display_name":"Jiashi Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-0064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiashi Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065964089","display_name":"Kui Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-5700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFaculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFaculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110129006","display_name":"Zhongyang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136591757","display_name":"OmniVision Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdc0c96","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136591757","https://openalex.org/I4210094826"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongyang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["OmniVision Technologies, Singapore",", OmniVision Technologies, Singapore#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OmniVision Technologies, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", OmniVision Technologies, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136591757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381753","display_name":"Shuicheng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-3777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuicheng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008141914"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2194,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82660062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"8","first_page":"1322","last_page":"1334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subcategory","display_name":"Subcategory","score":0.9885077476501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6371513605117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5830816626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.549019455909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.5159159898757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4685647785663605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4615945816040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.43679118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42604756355285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42427825927734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4141947627067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.21901416778564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.1075928807258606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780617661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541563","display_name":"Subcategory","level":2,"score":0.9885077476501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6371513605117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5830816626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.549019455909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5159159898757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4685647785663605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4615945816040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43679118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42604756355285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42427825927734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4141947627067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.21901416778564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.1075928807258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2014.2355697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2014.2355697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25437484","https://openalex.org/W95916464","https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1517044116","https://openalex.org/W1533501036","https://openalex.org/W1542534308","https://openalex.org/W1560380655","https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W1603728330","https://openalex.org/W1606858007","https://openalex.org/W1864464506","https://openalex.org/W1974138240","https://openalex.org/W1976921161","https://openalex.org/W1979725927","https://openalex.org/W1989684337","https://openalex.org/W1990975153","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2031839470","https://openalex.org/W2037511607","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2046382188","https://openalex.org/W2046875449","https://openalex.org/W2055630372","https://openalex.org/W2066650804","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2091068168","https://openalex.org/W2097033479","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2114623790","https://openalex.org/W2116750363","https://openalex.org/W2122528955","https://openalex.org/W2129305389","https://openalex.org/W2141357020","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2161561128","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163999590","https://openalex.org/W2166049352","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2171394671","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2534457893","https://openalex.org/W2538008885","https://openalex.org/W2797585760","https://openalex.org/W3017692418","https://openalex.org/W6632063742","https://openalex.org/W6633519119","https://openalex.org/W6636236729","https://openalex.org/W6636412649","https://openalex.org/W6639328394","https://openalex.org/W6643596018","https://openalex.org/W6678145947","https://openalex.org/W6680862486","https://openalex.org/W6683423765","https://openalex.org/W7017045200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226068787","https://openalex.org/W3157916708","https://openalex.org/W2963366818","https://openalex.org/W1547238018","https://openalex.org/W2178926482","https://openalex.org/W2009701419","https://openalex.org/W4298856889","https://openalex.org/W1514356479","https://openalex.org/W2807978488","https://openalex.org/W2891355224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,79],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,23,57,81],"present":[4],"a":[5,129],"subcategory-aware":[6,156],"recognition":[7],"framework":[8],"to":[9,25,32,99,123,142],"boost":[10],"category":[11,36,127],"level":[12,37],"object":[13,53,126,166],"classification":[14,54,77],"performance.":[15],"Different":[16],"from":[17,150,179],"the":[18,28,34,41,74,83,100,106,148,163,176],"existing":[19],"monolithic":[20,130],"model":[21,115],"approaches,":[22],"aim":[24],"automatically":[26],"leverage":[27],"embedded":[29],"subcategory":[30,65,118,138,145,151],"structure":[31],"assist":[33],"further":[35],"recognition.":[38],"Motivated":[39],"by":[40,63,87,105,155],"observation":[42],"of":[43],"considerable":[44],"intra-class":[45,90],"diversities":[46],"and":[47,92,170],"inter-class":[48,93],"ambiguities":[49],"in":[50],"many":[51],"current":[52],"data":[55,60],"sets,":[56],"explicitly":[58],"split":[59],"into":[61,73],"subcategories":[62,69],"ambiguity-guided":[64],"mining.":[66],"The":[67,159],"resulting":[68],"are":[70,103,135,140,153],"seamlessly":[71],"integrated":[72],"state-of-the-art":[75,177],"detection-assisted":[76],"framework.":[78,181],"particular,":[80],"build":[82],"instance":[84],"affinity":[85],"graph":[86,107],"combining":[88],"both":[89],"similarity":[91],"ambiguity.":[94],"Visual":[95],"subcategories,":[96],"which":[97,134],"correspond":[98],"dense":[101],"subgraphs,":[102],"detected":[104],"shift":[108],"algorithm.":[109],"We":[110],"then":[111],"train":[112],"an":[113,121,125],"individual":[114],"for":[116,137],"each":[117,144],"rather":[119],"than":[120],"attempt":[122],"represent":[124],"with":[128],"model.":[131,146],"Related":[132],"samples,":[133],"informative":[136],"classification,":[139],"utilized":[141],"regularize":[143],"Finally,":[147],"responses":[149],"models":[152],"aggregated":[154],"kernel":[157],"regression.":[158],"extensive":[160],"experiments":[161],"over":[162],"PASCAL":[164,171],"visual":[165],"challenge":[167],"(VOC)":[168],"2007":[169],"VOC":[172],"2010":[173],"databases":[174],"show":[175],"performance":[178],"our":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
