{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2112516182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2013.2242554","title":"Generalized Gradient Vector Flow for Snakes: New Observations, Analysis, and Improvement","display_name":"Generalized Gradient Vector Flow for Snakes: New Observations, Analysis, and Improvement","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2112516182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2013.2242554","mag":"2112516182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2013.2242554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2013.2242554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029571917","display_name":"Lunming Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6515-1861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lunming Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034427070","display_name":"Ce Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ce Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China","[School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and technology of China, ChengDu, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and technology of China, ChengDu, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362745","display_name":"Yao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-9554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, and with the State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, and with the State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030238978","display_name":"Huihui Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3879-8957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huihui Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101936844","display_name":"Huawei Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huawei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network Technology, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029571917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6995,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95661343,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"883","last_page":"897"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.8949545621871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-flow","display_name":"Vector flow","score":0.8705596923828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6550455689430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6131483316421509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5784156322479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.49737194180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47462546825408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.47338858246803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-field","display_name":"Vector field","score":0.44559338688850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.4015342593193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.360421359539032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33689606189727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.29982563853263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.17961442470550537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1675349771976471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.8949545621871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20749125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7917826","display_name":"Vector flow","level":4,"score":0.8705596923828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6550455689430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6131483316421509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5784156322479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.49737194180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47462546825408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47338858246803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91188154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186247","display_name":"Vector field","level":2,"score":0.44559338688850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4015342593193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.360421359539032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33689606189727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29982563853263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.17961442470550537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1675349771976471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2013.2242554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2013.2242554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.706.6078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.706.6078","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mepro.bjtu.edu.cn/zhaoyao/pdf/Generalized%20Gradient%20Vector%20Flow%20for%20Snakes.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178970226","https://openalex.org/W1499112701","https://openalex.org/W1589124700","https://openalex.org/W1964893570","https://openalex.org/W2000662299","https://openalex.org/W2010162805","https://openalex.org/W2016860730","https://openalex.org/W2028568556","https://openalex.org/W2033695022","https://openalex.org/W2045680145","https://openalex.org/W2073982904","https://openalex.org/W2086921140","https://openalex.org/W2092598323","https://openalex.org/W2096583389","https://openalex.org/W2099692740","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2104479126","https://openalex.org/W2111737762","https://openalex.org/W2115005700","https://openalex.org/W2119955383","https://openalex.org/W2120073691","https://openalex.org/W2126801588","https://openalex.org/W2132515211","https://openalex.org/W2134788286","https://openalex.org/W2136401941","https://openalex.org/W2136893947","https://openalex.org/W2137186887","https://openalex.org/W2138524633","https://openalex.org/W2139812065","https://openalex.org/W2142500909","https://openalex.org/W2142722911","https://openalex.org/W2145803225","https://openalex.org/W2154841693","https://openalex.org/W2162092932","https://openalex.org/W2162837059","https://openalex.org/W2170030983","https://openalex.org/W4298317016","https://openalex.org/W6629798458","https://openalex.org/W6680152093","https://openalex.org/W6683932180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2977257638","https://openalex.org/W4226466875","https://openalex.org/W4288095186","https://openalex.org/W3210541621","https://openalex.org/W2159438535","https://openalex.org/W2112366897","https://openalex.org/W1957230037","https://openalex.org/W2073982904","https://openalex.org/W2073179469","https://openalex.org/W650226188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Snakes,":[0],"or":[1,162],"active":[2],"contours,":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,70,183],"image":[9],"processing":[10],"applications.":[11],"An":[12],"external":[13,115],"force":[14,116],"for":[15],"snakes":[16,64,149,155,178],"called":[17],"gradient":[18],"vector":[19,184],"flow":[20],"(GVF)":[21],"attempts":[22],"to":[23,34,41,46,81,122,139],"address":[24],"traditional":[25],"snake":[26,44],"problems":[27],"of":[28,73,89,106,133,160,176],"initialization":[29],"sensitivity":[30],"and":[31,48,57,62,76,92,110,145],"poor":[32],"convergence":[33,45,108,169],"concavities,":[35],"while":[36,171],"generalized":[37],"GVF":[38,43,61,91],"(GGVF)":[39],"aims":[40],"improve":[42],"long":[47],"thin":[49],"indentations":[50],"(LTIs).":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55,102],"find":[56],"show":[58,150],"that":[59,151],"both":[60],"GGVF":[63,93,120,135,148,177],"essentially":[65],"yield":[66],"the":[67,90,96,104,107,124,152],"same":[68],"performance":[69],"capturing":[71],"LTIs":[72,158],"odd":[74,161],"widths,":[75],"generally":[77],"neither":[78],"can":[79,156],"converge":[80],"even-width":[82],"LTIs.":[83],"Based":[84],"on":[85],"a":[86,113,166],"thorough":[87],"investigation":[88],"fields":[94],"within":[95],"LTI":[97],"during":[98],"their":[99],"iterative":[100],"processes,":[101],"identify":[103],"crux":[105],"problem,":[109],"accordingly":[111],"propose":[112],"novel":[114],"termed":[117],"as":[118],"component-normalized":[119],"(CN-GGVF)":[121],"eliminate":[123],"problem.":[125],"CN-GGVF":[126,154],"is":[127],"obtained":[128],"by":[129],"normalizing":[130],"each":[131],"component":[132],"initial":[134],"vectors":[136],"with":[137,165,179],"respect":[138],"its":[140],"own":[141],"magnitude.":[142],"Experimental":[143],"results":[144],"comparisons":[146],"against":[147],"proposed":[153],"capture":[157],"regardless":[159],"even":[163],"widths":[164],"remarkably":[167],"faster":[168],"speed,":[170],"preserving":[172],"other":[173],"desirable":[174],"properties":[175],"lower":[180],"computational":[181],"complexity":[182],"normalization.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
