{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049404295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2211951","title":"Facial Trait Code","display_name":"Facial Trait Code","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049404295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2211951","mag":"2049404295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2211951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2211951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030919943","display_name":"Ping-Han Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173632517","display_name":"MediaTek (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05xvgy636","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173632517","https://openalex.org/I4210148979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148979","display_name":"MediaTek (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/05g9jck81","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148979"]}],"countries":["CN","TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ping-Han Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["MediaTek, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan",", Mediatek Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MediaTek, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Mediatek Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173632517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015206948","display_name":"Gee-Sern Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-0448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gee-Sern Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","[Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000454484","display_name":"Tsuhan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3951-7931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsuhan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","School\u00a0of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School\u00a0of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102935450","display_name":"Yi\u2010Ping Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3792-9509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ping Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030919943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173632517","https://openalex.org/I4210148979"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5491,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68278644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"648","last_page":"660"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7236999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6955527067184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6620895266532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.5448366403579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5387566685676575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trait","display_name":"Trait","score":0.5117926001548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4855658710002899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.48355576395988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4684678912162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4559638202190399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4522363543510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4192464351654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-word","display_name":"Code word","score":0.41868555545806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.41663670539855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38664698600769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21375533938407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.17459601163864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.12103858590126038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0794578492641449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7236999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6955527067184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6620895266532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5448366403579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5387566685676575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106934330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873","display_name":"Trait","level":2,"score":0.5117926001548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4855658710002899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.48355576395988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4684678912162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4559638202190399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4522363543510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4192464351654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153207627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863873","display_name":"Code word","level":3,"score":0.41868555545806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.41663670539855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38664698600769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21375533938407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.17459601163864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12103858590126038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0794578492641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2211951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2211951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115173108","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","issn_l":"1051-8215","issn":["1051-8215","1558-2205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/146108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/146108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309070","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310962","display_name":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/0265wc016"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146889420","https://openalex.org/W1527240141","https://openalex.org/W1540402706","https://openalex.org/W1573472869","https://openalex.org/W1575501403","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1594418675","https://openalex.org/W1676820704","https://openalex.org/W1823325679","https://openalex.org/W1979308100","https://openalex.org/W1986772615","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W2011503867","https://openalex.org/W2012576934","https://openalex.org/W2029364831","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2041657594","https://openalex.org/W2054891869","https://openalex.org/W2098947662","https://openalex.org/W2110410904","https://openalex.org/W2117072267","https://openalex.org/W2118312744","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2126942071","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2131081720","https://openalex.org/W2137020446","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2150839704","https://openalex.org/W2154764887","https://openalex.org/W2155190225","https://openalex.org/W2160794449","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2169882840","https://openalex.org/W2789848387","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W4232674561","https://openalex.org/W6605980688","https://openalex.org/W6631618440","https://openalex.org/W6632102435","https://openalex.org/W6653492387","https://openalex.org/W6682790200","https://openalex.org/W6685211983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125652721","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W1549363203","https://openalex.org/W4231274751","https://openalex.org/W2154063878","https://openalex.org/W2556012038","https://openalex.org/W1489772951","https://openalex.org/W1538046993","https://openalex.org/W1566995892","https://openalex.org/W2583763619"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,28,47,65,131,135],"facial":[3,10,34,87,122],"trait":[4,39,88,123],"code":[5],"(FTC)":[6],"to":[7,15,106,152],"encode":[8],"human":[9],"images,":[11],"and":[12,36,62,75,100,114],"apply":[13,103],"it":[14],"face":[16,107],"recognition.":[17],"Extracted":[18],"from":[19,27,90],"an":[20],"exhaustive":[21],"set":[22,67,92],"of":[23,31,46,60,68,85,93,111,134],"local":[24],"patches":[25],"cropped":[26],"large":[29],"stack":[30],"faces,":[32],"the":[33,37,44,83,86,91,104,121,138,149],"traits":[35],"associated":[38],"patterns":[40,89,124],"can":[41],"accurately":[42],"capture":[43],"appearance":[45],"given":[48],"face.":[49],"The":[50,55,78,127],"extraction":[51,84],"has":[52],"two":[53,109],"phases.":[54],"first":[56],"phase":[57,80],"is":[58],"composed":[59],"clustering":[61],"boosting":[63],"upon":[64],"training":[66],"faces":[69,94],"with":[70,95,116,143],"neutral":[71],"expression,":[72,98],"even":[73],"illumination,":[74,99],"frontal":[76],"pose.":[77],"second":[79],"focuses":[81],"on":[82,155],"variations":[96],"in":[97],"poses.":[101],"To":[102],"FTC":[105,151],"recognition,":[108],"types":[110],"codewords,":[112],"hard":[113,128],"probabilistic,":[115],"different":[117],"metrics":[118],"for":[119],"characterizing":[120],"are":[125],"proposed.":[126],"codeword":[129,140],"offers":[130],"concise":[132],"representation":[133],"face,":[136],"while":[137],"probabilistic":[139],"enables":[141],"matching":[142],"better":[144],"accuracy.":[145],"Our":[146],"experiments":[147],"compare":[148],"proposed":[150],"other":[153],"algorithms":[154],"several":[156],"public":[157],"datasets,":[158],"all":[159],"showing":[160],"promising":[161],"results.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}