{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399146406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863","title":"Model-Free Linear Noncausal Optimal Control of Wave Energy Converters via Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Model-Free Linear Noncausal Optimal Control of Wave Energy Converters via Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399146406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/87/4389040/10541046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/87/4389040/10541046.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041446314","display_name":"Siyuan Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-3427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-3427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047675974","display_name":"John V. Ringwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-7943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","display_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","ror":"https://ror.org/048nfjm95","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John V. Ringwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Ocean Energy Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-7943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Ocean Energy Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84189708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"6","first_page":"2164","last_page":"2177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11250","display_name":"Wave and Wind Energy Systems","score":0.928600013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11250","display_name":"Wave and Wind Energy Systems","score":0.928600013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-energy-converter","display_name":"Wave energy converter","score":0.8549903631210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8150010108947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.7526813745498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.6210266351699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6020366549491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.5194127559661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.48996368050575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41962751746177673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31973862648010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29889631271362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25821250677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23152682185173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.21251055598258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0884377658367157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.07471722364425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.06846946477890015}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985586866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208554","display_name":"Wave energy converter","level":3,"score":0.8549903631210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8150010108947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.7526813745498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6210266351699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6020366549491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5194127559661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.48996368050575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41962751746177673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31973862648010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29889631271362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25821250677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23152682185173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.21251055598258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0884377658367157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.07471722364425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.06846946477890015}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/87/4389040/10541046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mural.maynoothuniversity.ie:19386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/19386/1/Model-Free_Linear_Noncausal_Optimal_Control_of_Wave_Energy_Converters_via_Reinforcement_Learning.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/19386/1/Model-Free_Linear_Noncausal_Optimal_Control_of_Wave_Energy_Converters_via_Reinforcement_Learning.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401432","display_name":"Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","host_organization_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3401863","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/87/4389040/10541046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G747638808","display_name":"MAREI_Phase 2","funder_award_id":"12/RC/2302_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320846","display_name":"Royal Irish Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/019tbdj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399146406.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W409643902","https://openalex.org/W1904486563","https://openalex.org/W2005437559","https://openalex.org/W2011866373","https://openalex.org/W2017316460","https://openalex.org/W2041370614","https://openalex.org/W2046376809","https://openalex.org/W2082655289","https://openalex.org/W2139494805","https://openalex.org/W2147272701","https://openalex.org/W2164825665","https://openalex.org/W2165726932","https://openalex.org/W2289923502","https://openalex.org/W2326828262","https://openalex.org/W2345847332","https://openalex.org/W2384046304","https://openalex.org/W2569554281","https://openalex.org/W2579592432","https://openalex.org/W2601473260","https://openalex.org/W2607531030","https://openalex.org/W2613603551","https://openalex.org/W2736406891","https://openalex.org/W2789282887","https://openalex.org/W2790457264","https://openalex.org/W2796138772","https://openalex.org/W2893234393","https://openalex.org/W2898077291","https://openalex.org/W2898807683","https://openalex.org/W2905674064","https://openalex.org/W2943665735","https://openalex.org/W2951215179","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2973191244","https://openalex.org/W3094728221","https://openalex.org/W3114263192","https://openalex.org/W3122471390","https://openalex.org/W3134070540","https://openalex.org/W3169248275","https://openalex.org/W4200068609","https://openalex.org/W4285226649","https://openalex.org/W4285300899","https://openalex.org/W4285674648","https://openalex.org/W4315470978","https://openalex.org/W4366751322","https://openalex.org/W4382402518","https://openalex.org/W6678518843","https://openalex.org/W6680777499","https://openalex.org/W6682781634","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6803432848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W631083485","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W4313452936","https://openalex.org/W2097026685","https://openalex.org/W2608087111","https://openalex.org/W2201865471","https://openalex.org/W2789010771","https://openalex.org/W1984437712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,63,137],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,39,47,99,124,208,217],"novel":[4],"reinforcement":[5],"learning":[6,40],"(RL)":[7],"method":[8],"for":[9,123,143,185,197],"wave":[10,171],"energy":[11,56],"converters":[12],"(WECs),":[13],"which":[14,128],"directly":[15],"generates":[16],"linear":[17,103],"noncausal":[18,97],"optimal":[19,59],"control":[20,60],"(LNOC)":[21],"policies":[22],"on":[23,68],"continuous":[24],"action":[25],"space.":[26],"Unlike":[27],"other":[28],"existing":[29],"WEC":[30,55,186],"RL":[31,44,71,78,101],"algorithms":[32],"looking":[33],"at":[34],"the":[35,42,53,70,77,94,134,158,161,204],"problem":[36,61],"mainly":[37],"from":[38],"perspective,":[41],"proposed":[43,81,162,165],"approach":[45,49],"adopts":[46],"control-theoretic":[48],"by":[50],"delving":[51],"into":[52],"underlying":[54],"maximization":[57],"(EM)":[58],"(OCP).":[62],"leads":[64],"to":[65,93,156,190,202],"control-informed":[66],"decisions":[67],"choosing":[69],"state,":[72],"as":[73,75],"well":[74],"developing":[76],"structure.":[79],"The":[80,164,178],"model-free":[82],"LNOC":[83],"(MF-LNOC)":[84],"offers":[85],"substantial":[86],"advantages,":[87],"including":[88],"significantly":[89],"improved":[90],"performance":[91],"due":[92],"use":[95],"of":[96,120,160,206,220],"information,":[98],"simplified":[100],"with":[102,148],"actor":[104],"and":[105,109,174,194],"quadratic":[106],"critic":[107],"structures,":[108],"remarkable":[110],"fast":[111],"convergence":[112],"speeds,":[113],"achieved":[114],"using":[115,133],"less":[116],"than":[117],"150":[118],"s":[119],"data":[121],"points,":[122],"benchmarked":[125],"point":[126],"absorber,":[127],"can":[129,181,212],"be":[130,182],"further":[131],"shortened":[132],"replay":[135],"technique.":[136],"reduction":[138],"in":[139,146],"training":[140],"time":[141],"allows":[142],"controller":[144,196],"reconfiguration":[145],"pace":[147],"sea":[149,176,221],"changes.":[150],"Demonstrative":[151],"numerical":[152],"simulations":[153],"are":[154],"presented":[155],"verify":[157],"efficacy":[159],"methods.":[163],"MF-LNOC":[166,179],"also":[167,200],"shows":[168],"robustness":[169],"against":[170],"prediction":[172],"inaccuracies":[173],"changing":[175],"conditions.":[177,222],"methodology":[180],"highly":[183],"attractive":[184],"developers":[187],"who":[188],"want":[189],"design":[191],"an":[192],"efficient":[193],"reliable":[195],"WECs":[198],"but":[199],"hope":[201],"avoid":[203],"challenge":[205],"establishing":[207],"control-oriented":[209],"model":[210],"that":[211],"preserve":[213],"high":[214],"fidelity":[215],"over":[216],"wide":[218],"range":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
