{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168425283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3367154","title":"Comprehensive Energy Footprint Benchmarking Algorithm for Electrified Powertrains","display_name":"Comprehensive Energy Footprint Benchmarking Algorithm for Electrified Powertrains","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168425283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3367154","mag":"3168425283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2024.3367154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3367154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055129401","display_name":"Hamza Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-8434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141466","display_name":"Cummins (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03y28aj90","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hamza Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamza Anwar and Aashrith Vishwanath were with the Center for Automotive Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","Cummins Inc, Columbus, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamza Anwar and Aashrith Vishwanath were with the Center for Automotive Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cummins Inc, Columbus, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011151064","display_name":"Qadeer Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qadeer Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069560205","display_name":"Aashrith Vishwanath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141466","display_name":"Cummins (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03y28aj90","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aashrith Vishwanath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamza Anwar and Aashrith Vishwanath were with the Center for Automotive Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","Cummins Inc, Columbus, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamza Anwar and Aashrith Vishwanath were with the Center for Automotive Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cummins Inc, Columbus, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041218288","display_name":"Apurva Chunodkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141466","display_name":"Cummins (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03y28aj90","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apurva Chunodkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Controls and Diagnostics Research, Cummins Inc., Columbus, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Controls and Diagnostics Research, Cummins Inc., Columbus, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055129401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00282524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"1370","last_page":"1385"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.8797647953033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-dynamics","display_name":"System dynamics","score":0.5574159622192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5547894239425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5448006987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4454284906387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.36021164059638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3380741477012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3072987198829651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1498212218284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12781018018722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.07753506302833557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.8797647953033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.5574159622192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5547894239425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5448006987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4454284906387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.36021164059638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3380741477012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3072987198829651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1498212218284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12781018018722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.07753506302833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2024.3367154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2024.3367154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127678387","https://openalex.org/W180478659","https://openalex.org/W325655953","https://openalex.org/W1601081659","https://openalex.org/W1692263514","https://openalex.org/W1968649851","https://openalex.org/W2040042407","https://openalex.org/W2069282906","https://openalex.org/W2101485019","https://openalex.org/W2108724020","https://openalex.org/W2123871098","https://openalex.org/W2130913800","https://openalex.org/W2141046883","https://openalex.org/W2152938561","https://openalex.org/W2158658492","https://openalex.org/W2161758672","https://openalex.org/W2167300323","https://openalex.org/W2170213261","https://openalex.org/W2171275074","https://openalex.org/W2221321873","https://openalex.org/W2232021528","https://openalex.org/W2300303305","https://openalex.org/W2427869007","https://openalex.org/W2494686354","https://openalex.org/W2501655773","https://openalex.org/W2507185561","https://openalex.org/W2508543253","https://openalex.org/W2523064524","https://openalex.org/W2524298833","https://openalex.org/W2561145466","https://openalex.org/W2731968416","https://openalex.org/W2790167279","https://openalex.org/W2808522674","https://openalex.org/W2842089854","https://openalex.org/W2953564759","https://openalex.org/W2969188440","https://openalex.org/W2972681909","https://openalex.org/W2990975667","https://openalex.org/W3006292884","https://openalex.org/W3055590072","https://openalex.org/W3080083741","https://openalex.org/W3102922146","https://openalex.org/W3105952231","https://openalex.org/W3170100225","https://openalex.org/W4205370732","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4235623249","https://openalex.org/W4379137885","https://openalex.org/W6679524480","https://openalex.org/W6740789733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388980375","https://openalex.org/W2142639873","https://openalex.org/W2360794504","https://openalex.org/W2356035581","https://openalex.org/W3097253201","https://openalex.org/W2069654098","https://openalex.org/W4236614235","https://openalex.org/W3097605578","https://openalex.org/W4213388056","https://openalex.org/W2370897813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrification":[0],"in":[1,218],"automotive":[2,24],"control":[3,61,79,174,183],"systems":[4,25],"has":[5,39],"made":[6],"powertrains":[7],"a":[8,15,52,55,72,122,127],"complex":[9,23,214,225],"cyber-physical":[10],"system.":[11],"This":[12],"article":[13],"presents":[14],"benchmark":[16,188],"algorithm":[17,74,201],"to":[18,48,64,84,187],"quantify":[19],"the":[20,65,130,136,141,189],"performance":[21],"of":[22,58,67,97,135,151,154],"exhibiting":[26],"mechanical,":[27],"electrical,":[28],"and":[29,60,101,108,112,132,159,162,171,175,191,210,224],"thermal":[30,160],"interactions":[31,215],"at":[32],"various":[33],"timescales.":[34],"Traditionally,":[35],"dynamic":[36,103],"programming":[37],"(DP)":[38],"been":[40],"used":[41],"for":[42,51,75,94],"benchmarking":[43],"performance;":[44],"however,":[45],"it":[46],"fails":[47],"deliver":[49],"results":[50],"system":[53],"with":[54,82,99,126,167],"higher":[56],"number":[57],"states":[59],"levers":[62],"due":[63],"curse":[66],"dimensionality.":[68],"We":[69,120],"propose":[70],"\u201cPS3,\u201d":[71],"three-step":[73],"mixed-integer":[76],"nonlinear":[77,223],"optimal":[78],"problems":[80,184],"(OCP)":[81],"application":[83],"powertrain":[85,143,182],"energy":[86],"management.":[87],"PS3":[88],"uses":[89],"pseudospectral":[90],"collocation":[91],"(PSC)":[92],"theory":[93],"accurate":[95],"modeling":[96],"dynamics":[98,165],"fast":[100],"slow":[102],"states,":[104],"discontinuous":[105],"behaviors,":[106],"nondifferentiable":[107],"linearly":[109],"interpolated":[110],"1-D":[111],"2-D":[113],"maps,":[114],"as":[115,117,207],"well":[116],"combinatorial":[118],"constraints.":[119,180],"give":[121],"feasibility":[123],"analysis":[124,197],"along":[125,166],"discussion":[128],"on":[129,140],"convergence":[131],"optimality":[133],"gap":[134],"proposed":[137],"algorithm.":[138],"Based":[139],"validated":[142],"component":[144],"models,":[145],"we":[146],"have":[147],"addressed":[148],"simultaneous":[149],"optimization":[150],"electrical":[152],"[state":[153],"charge":[155],"(SOC)],":[156],"vehicular":[157],"(eco-driving),":[158],"(after-treatment":[161],"battery":[163],"temperatures)":[164],"an":[168],"integer":[169],"(gear":[170],"engine":[172],"on/off)":[173],"its":[176],"corresponding":[177],"(dwell":[178],"time)":[179],"Six":[181],"are":[185],"given":[186],"accuracy":[190],"computational":[192,205],"effort":[193],"against":[194],"DP.":[195],"Our":[196],"shows":[198],"that":[199,216],"this":[200],"does":[202,209],"not":[203],"scale":[204],"burden":[206],"DP":[208],"can":[211],"handle":[212],"highly":[213],"occur":[217],"modern-day":[219],"powertrains,":[220],"without":[221],"compromising":[222],"plant":[226],"modeling.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}