{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285131234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2022.3171083","title":"Discrete Mixed-Integer Shooting (DMIS): Algorithm and Application to Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management Accounting for Fuel Cranking and Actual Powertrain Efficiency Maps","display_name":"Discrete Mixed-Integer Shooting (DMIS): Algorithm and Application to Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management Accounting for Fuel Cranking and Actual Powertrain Efficiency Maps","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285131234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2022.3171083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2022.3171083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2022.3171083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368462","display_name":"Di Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-566X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Di Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012709333","display_name":"Mike Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7724-0315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093665","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0076knn86","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113771","display_name":"Sunrise Medical (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01z0h5j41","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113771"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Motor North America Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","Sunrise Instruments LLC, Canton, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Motor North America Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sunrise Instruments LLC, Canton, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113771"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089318617","display_name":"Anna G. Stefanopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-9657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna G. Stefanopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100368462"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6686175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"221","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.686650812625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.5812227725982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5604894757270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plug-in","display_name":"Plug-in","score":0.5352886915206909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5309453010559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.512738823890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4773266911506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4773178994655609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.46842730045318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2787937521934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23644688725471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0883374810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08077546954154968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.686650812625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5812227725982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5604894757270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4924752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148","display_name":"Plug-in","level":2,"score":0.5352886915206909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5309453010559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.512738823890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4773266911506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4773178994655609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.46842730045318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2787937521934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23644688725471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0883374810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08077546954154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2022.3171083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2022.3171083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493070044","https://openalex.org/W1530117215","https://openalex.org/W1551360398","https://openalex.org/W1585405399","https://openalex.org/W1968649851","https://openalex.org/W1982019931","https://openalex.org/W2018725342","https://openalex.org/W2023604237","https://openalex.org/W2040018814","https://openalex.org/W2052834303","https://openalex.org/W2056793763","https://openalex.org/W2060279450","https://openalex.org/W2068400211","https://openalex.org/W2083122976","https://openalex.org/W2090588013","https://openalex.org/W2091510786","https://openalex.org/W2102347640","https://openalex.org/W2149751000","https://openalex.org/W2152938561","https://openalex.org/W2160456562","https://openalex.org/W2167139773","https://openalex.org/W2481121431","https://openalex.org/W2501655773","https://openalex.org/W2742727141","https://openalex.org/W2792741374","https://openalex.org/W2798500587","https://openalex.org/W2887726060","https://openalex.org/W2963240955","https://openalex.org/W2972681909","https://openalex.org/W2995798795","https://openalex.org/W3027865947","https://openalex.org/W3055590072","https://openalex.org/W3095399845","https://openalex.org/W3102384508","https://openalex.org/W3105952231","https://openalex.org/W3172012137","https://openalex.org/W4200137703","https://openalex.org/W4287443601","https://openalex.org/W4296596289","https://openalex.org/W4300555804","https://openalex.org/W6742485731","https://openalex.org/W6840467190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388980375","https://openalex.org/W47352601","https://openalex.org/W2981957539","https://openalex.org/W4287378204","https://openalex.org/W2461489085","https://openalex.org/W2545422590","https://openalex.org/W2042058853","https://openalex.org/W2481191189","https://openalex.org/W2772971464","https://openalex.org/W2120878834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"algorithm":[4],"for":[5,113,207],"mixed-integer":[6],"nonlinear":[7],"optimal":[8],"control":[9,71],"problems":[10],"(OCPs)":[11],"formulated":[12],"directly":[13],"in":[14,53,104,125,149],"discrete":[15],"time.":[16],"In":[17],"our":[18],"current":[19],"application,":[20],"we":[21,165],"address":[22],"the":[23,92,95,114,119,158,177,182,187,190,199,221],"energy":[24],"management":[25],"of":[26,94,189],"a":[27,41,67,85],"plug-in":[28],"hybrid":[29],"electric":[30],"vehicle":[31],"(PHEV)":[32],"seeking":[33],"to":[34,55,77,156,172],"achieve":[35],"minimum":[36,208],"trip":[37,209],"fuel":[38,58,163,210,223],"consumption":[39,211],"under":[40],"terminal":[42],"state-of-charge":[43],"(SOC)":[44],"equality":[45],"constraint":[46],"while":[47],"avoiding":[48,141],"powertrain":[49,202],"efficiency":[50],"map":[51],"approximations":[52],"order":[54],"maximize":[56],"its":[57,217],"economy":[59],"(FE).":[60],"An":[61],"additional":[62,120],"engine":[63,80,121],"cranking":[64,122,162,183,222],"state":[65,69,123],"with":[66,134,161,198],"nonsmooth":[68],"and":[70,214,220],"transition":[72],"cost":[73],"is":[74,138],"then":[75],"incorporated":[76],"prevent":[78],"undesired":[79],"on/off":[81],"behaviors.":[82],"We":[83],"pursue":[84],"single":[86,102,151,179],"shooting-based":[87],"numerical":[88],"algorithm,":[89,133],"motivated":[90],"by":[91,205],"success":[93],"computationally":[96],"efficient":[97],"Pontryagin\u2019s":[98],"Minimum":[99],"Principle":[100],"(PMP)-based":[101],"shooting":[103,143,180],"achieving":[105],"similar":[106],"FE":[107,174],"results":[108,175,197],"as":[109],"dynamic":[110],"programming":[111],"(DP)":[112],"power-split":[115,159],"optimization":[116],"problem":[117,160],"without":[118,181],"shown":[124],"prior":[126],"work.":[127],"The":[128],"Discrete":[129],"Mixed-Integer":[130],"Shooting":[131],"(DMIS)":[132],"costate":[135],"backward-in-time":[136],"propagation,":[137],"presented":[139,213],"here,":[140],"unstable":[142],"iterations":[144],"that":[145,169],"are":[146,212],"typically":[147],"encountered":[148],"PMP-based":[150,178],"shooting.":[152],"When":[153],"applying":[154],"DMIS":[155,191,206],"solve":[157],"consideration,":[164],"show":[166],"through":[167],"simulation":[168],"it":[170],"leads":[171],"better":[173],"than":[176],"state,":[184],"thus":[185],"demonstrating":[186,216],"effectiveness":[188],"algorithm.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"experimental":[194],"dynamometer":[195],"test":[196],"model":[200],"predictive":[201],"controller":[203],"solved":[204],"discussed,":[215],"real-time":[218],"execution":[219],"reduction":[224],"capability.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
