{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006392151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2015.2415411","title":"Model Predictive Climate Control of a Swiss Office Building: Implementation, Results, and Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis","display_name":"Model Predictive Climate Control of a Swiss Office Building: Implementation, Results, and Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006392151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2015.2415411","mag":"2006392151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2015.2415411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2015.2415411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/94992","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031026801","display_name":"David Sturzenegger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Sturzenegger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013720819","display_name":"Dimitrios Gyalistras","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Gyalistras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025946191","display_name":"Manfred Morari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-5058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manfred Morari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017078571","display_name":"Roy S. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-4683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy S. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031026801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":36.4592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":378,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99916375,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9488999843597412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.8116858005523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.766815185546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-model","display_name":"Building model","score":0.6301320791244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-automation","display_name":"Building automation","score":0.5546155571937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5530539155006409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4931928515434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.46303945779800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4619901776313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4559084475040436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-management-system","display_name":"Building management system","score":0.44820737838745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.44071677327156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.43549472093582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4261252284049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38037723302841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.3696861267089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.33840224146842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3255356252193451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.1203991174697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.08970308303833008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.8116858005523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.766815185546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778530916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352349","display_name":"Building model","level":2,"score":0.6301320791244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83931994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149653","display_name":"Building automation","level":2,"score":0.5546155571937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5530539155006409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4931928515434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.46303945779800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4619901776313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4559084475040436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106527866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1489497","display_name":"Building management system","level":3,"score":0.44820737838745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.44071677327156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.43549472093582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4261252284049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38037723302841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3696861267089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.33840224146842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3255356252193451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1203991174697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08970308303833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcst.2015.2415411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2015.2415411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133363738","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","issn_l":"1063-6536","issn":["1063-6536","1558-0865","2374-0159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/94992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/94992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 24 (1)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000094992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000094992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/94992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/94992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 24 (1)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968359621","https://openalex.org/W1972572989","https://openalex.org/W1979607444","https://openalex.org/W2001960389","https://openalex.org/W2019348145","https://openalex.org/W2031092585","https://openalex.org/W2038757772","https://openalex.org/W2055955567","https://openalex.org/W2082104542","https://openalex.org/W2083974252","https://openalex.org/W2108621422","https://openalex.org/W2112091856","https://openalex.org/W2145938889","https://openalex.org/W2163121678","https://openalex.org/W2166313543","https://openalex.org/W2166480912","https://openalex.org/W2182191727","https://openalex.org/W2188189414","https://openalex.org/W2966278404","https://openalex.org/W3006428799","https://openalex.org/W3022404379","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6650701902","https://openalex.org/W6681158678","https://openalex.org/W6686101554","https://openalex.org/W6686963166","https://openalex.org/W6738867361","https://openalex.org/W6766456052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240359851","https://openalex.org/W4286354644","https://openalex.org/W4255224640","https://openalex.org/W4200325458","https://openalex.org/W2296534813","https://openalex.org/W129276496","https://openalex.org/W4382295283","https://openalex.org/W2076253692","https://openalex.org/W4386963612","https://openalex.org/W3031194307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,31],"reports":[2],"the":[3,7,45,51,66,71,82,88,92,117,129,133,143,150,176,188,191],"final":[4],"results":[5],"of":[6,17,22,37,60,75,111,152,179],"predictive":[8,19],"building":[9,39,76,84,93,147,163,171],"control":[10,20,47,64,107,121],"project":[11],"OptiControl-II":[12],"that":[13],"encompassed":[14],"seven":[15],"months":[16],"model":[18],"(MPC)":[21],"a":[23,33,97,104,167],"fully":[24],"occupied":[25],"Swiss":[26],"office":[27],"building.":[28],"First,":[29],"this":[30],"provides":[32],"comprehensive":[34],"literature":[35],"review":[36],"experimental":[38,53],"MPC":[40,61,77,90,162],"studies.":[41],"Second,":[42],"we":[43],"describe":[44],"chosen":[46],"setup":[48],"and":[49,73,95,113,127,166,182],"modeling,":[50],"main":[52],"results,":[54],"as":[55,57],"well":[56],"simulation-based":[58],"comparisons":[59],"to":[62,81,141],"industry-standard":[63,120],"using":[65],"EnergyPlus":[67],"simulation":[68],"software.":[69],"Third,":[70],"costs":[72],"benefits":[74],"for":[78,124,169],"cases":[79],"similar":[80,125],"investigated":[83],"are":[85],"analyzed.":[86],"In":[87],"experiments,":[89],"controlled":[91],"reliably":[94],"achieved":[96],"good":[98],"comfort":[99,114],"level.":[100],"The":[101],"simulations":[102],"suggested":[103],"significantly":[105],"improved":[106],"performance":[108],"in":[109,145,160],"terms":[110],"energy":[112,184],"compared":[115],"with":[116,128,175],"previously":[118],"installed":[119],"strategy.":[122],"However,":[123],"buildings":[126],"tools":[130],"currently":[131],"available,":[132],"required":[134],"initial":[135],"investment":[136],"is":[137],"likely":[138],"too":[139],"high":[140],"justify":[142],"deployment":[144],"everyday":[146],"projects":[148],"on":[149],"basis":[151],"operating":[153],"cost":[154],"savings":[155],"alone.":[156],"Nevertheless,":[157],"development":[158],"investments":[159],"an":[161],"automation":[164],"framework":[165],"tool":[168],"modeling":[170],"thermal":[172],"dynamics":[173],"together":[174],"increasing":[177],"importance":[178],"demand":[180],"response":[181],"rising":[183],"prices":[185],"may":[186],"push":[187],"technology":[189],"into":[190],"net":[192],"benefit":[193],"range.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}