{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131623740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3661211","title":"Causal Prompting for Implicit Sentiment Analysis With Large Language Models","display_name":"Causal Prompting for Implicit Sentiment Analysis With Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131623740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3661211"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2026.3661211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3661211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005584649","display_name":"Jing Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0169-1491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0169-1491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenhao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0413-4282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0413-4282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121471088","display_name":"Bowen Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6470-5607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034529142","display_name":"Mujie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0879-7168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149672521","display_name":"Federation University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbzwv83","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mujie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0879-7168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126922799","display_name":"Nguyen Linh Dan Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Linh Dan Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5888-0932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120532122","display_name":"Jiade Cen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiade Cen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1430-2672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123894881","display_name":"Liping Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0937-4290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743349","display_name":"Ziqi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-5801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-5801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125771648","display_name":"Xiwei Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiwei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO&#x2019;s Data61, Marsfield, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-1862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO&#x2019;s Data61, Marsfield, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaodong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-1526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-1526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.6816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99500801,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"4131","last_page":"4143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.582099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.582099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.05979999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.05380000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.7421000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.6141999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5454999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.4544999897480011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.7421000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7195000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.6141999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5454999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5278000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79897977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054568","display_name":"Causal chain","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2026.3661211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3661211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Implicit":[0],"sentiment":[1,7,183],"analysis":[2],"(ISA)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,17,58,128,170],"infer":[6],"that":[8,75,148],"is":[9],"implied":[10],"rather":[11],"than":[12],"explicitly":[13],"stated,":[14],"requiring":[15],"models":[16,32],"perform":[18],"deeper":[19],"reasoning":[20,48,99,137],"over":[21,45],"subtle":[22],"contextual":[23],"cues.":[24],"While":[25],"recent":[26],"prompting-based":[27],"methods":[28],"using":[29,115],"large":[30],"language":[31],"(LLMs)":[33],"have":[34],"shown":[35],"promise":[36],"in":[37,155],"ISA,":[38],"they":[39],"often":[40],"rely":[41],"on":[42,97,107,140],"majority":[43],"voting":[44],"chain-of-thought":[46],"(CoT)":[47],"paths":[49],"without":[50],"evaluating":[51],"their":[52],"causal":[53,72,86,172],"validity,":[54],"making":[55],"them":[56],"susceptible":[57],"internal":[59],"biases":[60],"and":[61,101,118,158,177,188],"spurious":[62],"correlations.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"this":[66],"challenge,":[67],"we":[68],"propose":[69],"CAPITAL,":[70],"a":[71,123,167],"prompting":[73,153,176],"framework":[74],"incorporates":[76],"front-door":[77],"adjustment":[78],"into":[79,88,174],"CoT":[80],"reasoning.":[81,184],"CAPITAL":[82,149],"decomposes":[83],"the":[84,91,94,98,102,108,119,131,135],"overall":[85],"effect":[87],"two":[89],"components:":[90],"influence":[92],"of":[93,104],"input":[95],"prompt":[96],"chains,":[100],"impact":[103],"those":[105],"chains":[106],"final":[109],"output.":[110],"These":[111],"components":[112],"are":[113,191],"estimated":[114],"encoder-based":[116],"clustering":[117],"NWGM":[120],"approximation,":[121],"with":[122,134,144],"contrastive":[124],"learning":[125],"objective":[126],"used":[127],"better":[129],"align":[130],"encoder\u2019s":[132],"representation":[133],"LLM\u2019s":[136],"space.":[138],"Experiments":[139],"benchmark":[141],"ISA":[142],"datasets":[143],"three":[145],"LLMs":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"consistently":[150],"outperforms":[151],"strong":[152],"baselines":[154],"both":[156],"accuracy":[157],"robustness,":[159],"particularly":[160],"under":[161],"adversarial":[162],"conditions.":[163],"This":[164],"work":[165],"offers":[166],"principled":[168],"approach":[169],"integrating":[171],"inference":[173],"LLM":[175],"highlights":[178],"its":[179],"benefits":[180],"for":[181],"bias-aware":[182],"The":[185],"source":[186],"code":[187],"case":[189],"study":[190],"available":[192],"at:":[193],"<uri":[194],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[195],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/whZ62/CAPITAL</uri>.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}