{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128469239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3656755","title":"Learning Early Warning Guided by Course Objective Achievement via Knowledge State and Learning State Modeling","display_name":"Learning Early Warning Guided by Course Objective Achievement via Knowledge State and Learning State Modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128469239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3656755"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2026.3656755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3656755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091503202","display_name":"Hua Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1980-4709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1980-4709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311","https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125482570","display_name":"Xucan Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xucan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2907-240X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311","https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113074586","display_name":"Xinyi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7291-2095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7291-2095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311","https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103068194","display_name":"Peiji Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4662-7636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiji Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4662-7636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311","https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114189333","display_name":"Xiangru Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7503-7664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangru Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7503-7664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311","https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hui Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0122-233X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0122-233X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311","https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123726809","display_name":"Haibin Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138900291","display_name":"Nipissing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05k14ba46","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138900291"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Nipissing University, North Bay, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-1631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Nipissing University, North Bay, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138900291"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13910037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"3509","last_page":"3528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.7599999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.7599999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.08869999647140503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.01600000075995922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-cycle","display_name":"Learning cycle","score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course","display_name":"Course (navigation)","score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-learning","display_name":"Collaborative learning","score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3249000012874603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777432860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510168","display_name":"Learning cycle","level":2,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777552389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962728","display_name":"Course (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779296788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326904","display_name":"Early warning system","level":3,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423378","display_name":"Knowledge level","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51672120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303446","display_name":"Cooperative learning","level":3,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96427005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98442705","display_name":"Learning sciences","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15122004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385756","display_name":"Open learning","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2026.3656755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2026.3656755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6115415096282959}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8075411459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62077014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8938580835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62477009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timely":[0],"and":[1,64,85,107,126,134,148,167,200,213],"effective":[2],"early":[3,19,77,97,221],"warning":[4,20,78,87,98,182],"is":[5,151,184],"essential":[6],"for":[7,55,75,172],"proactive":[8],"intervention":[9],"to":[10,41,81,95,117,158,186,217],"mitigate":[11],"students\u2019":[12,23,188],"learning":[13,18,62,65,76,96,108,129,132,135,139,149,189,222],"risks.":[14,190],"Existing":[15],"studies":[16],"on":[17,27,177,193],"primarily":[21],"predict":[22,168],"knowledge":[24,60,105,114,123,147],"mastery":[25],"based":[26,192],"academic":[28],"performance.":[29],"However,":[30],"they":[31],"lack":[32],"the":[33,42,47,53,68,128,146,160,164,169,198,203],"assessment":[34,58],"of":[35,163,202],"course":[36,48,69,101,118,174],"development":[37],"objective":[38,49,70,84,102],"achievement.":[39],"According":[40],"outcome-based":[43],"education":[44],"(OBE)":[45],"concept,":[46],"achievement":[50,71,103,143,165,170],"serves":[51],"as":[52,72],"foundation":[54],"comprehensive":[56],"student":[57],"spanning":[59],"acquisition,":[61],"ability,":[63],"attitude.":[66],"Using":[67],"a":[73,92,121,155,180,209,214],"guide":[74],"can":[79],"help":[80],"obtain":[82],"more":[83],"accurate":[86,219],"results.":[88],"This":[89,111],"article":[90],"proposes":[91],"novel":[93],"approach":[94,112,207],"guided":[99],"by":[100],"via":[104],"state":[106,109,166],"modeling.":[110],"constructs":[113],"states":[115,130],"related":[116],"objectives":[119],"through":[120],"deep":[122],"tracing":[124],"model":[125,157],"derives":[127],"comprising":[131],"ability":[133],"attitude":[136],"from":[137],"multidimensional":[138],"behavior":[140],"data.":[141],"The":[142,206],"state,":[144],"fusing":[145],"states,":[150],"then":[152],"fed":[153],"into":[154],"transformer":[156],"capture":[159],"temporal":[161],"dynamics":[162],"levels":[171],"each":[173],"objective.":[175],"Based":[176],"these":[178],"predictions,":[179],"four-level":[181],"rule":[183],"employed":[185],"assess":[187],"Experiments":[191],"two":[194],"real-world":[195],"datasets":[196],"demonstrate":[197],"effectiveness":[199],"superiority":[201],"proposed":[204],"approach.":[205],"provides":[208],"new":[210],"research":[211],"paradigm":[212],"feasible":[215],"solution":[216],"achieve":[218],"personalized":[220],"warning.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T06:17:35.589633","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}
