{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410985811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3561921","title":"A Literature Survey on Multimodal and Multilingual Sexism Detection","display_name":"A Literature Survey on Multimodal and Multilingual Sexism Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410985811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3561921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3561921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3561921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101736722","display_name":"Xuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063075000","display_name":"Bin Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7234-1347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7234-1347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003742879","display_name":"Qianlong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-0580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianlong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-0580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100336998","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8044-2284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8044-2284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752356","display_name":"Erik Cambria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3030-1280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Cambria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3030-1280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100714308","display_name":"Zhang Xiao-jun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-1981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-1981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015709853","display_name":"Yulan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119896","display_name":"King's College School","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbqcn27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119896"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["King’s College London, London, U.K","King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-5845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King’s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I4210119896"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054067088","display_name":"Min Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3814-2728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3814-2728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026719663","display_name":"Ruifeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-5679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruifeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-5679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.747,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96324171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"3709","last_page":"3727"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5125186443328857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.447252094745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3777780532836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3777332305908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3627207279205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.32091107964515686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5125186443328857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.447252094745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3777780532836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3777332305908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3627207279205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.32091107964515686}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3561921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3561921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/208537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/208537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6312846351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8139119493","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515012922","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8177723861","display_name":"AI-Care: A Multimodal Financial Assistant for the Visually Impaired","funder_award_id":"PRP/047/22FX","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":117,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006447892","https://openalex.org/W2007992837","https://openalex.org/W2143897586","https://openalex.org/W2275243979","https://openalex.org/W2397331312","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2554436884","https://openalex.org/W2563826943","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2740471031","https://openalex.org/W2760400867","https://openalex.org/W2796217317","https://openalex.org/W2803528929","https://openalex.org/W2804569870","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2892352525","https://openalex.org/W2906979176","https://openalex.org/W2910379713","https://openalex.org/W2953484861","https://openalex.org/W2954226438","https://openalex.org/W2962684237","https://openalex.org/W2962977603","https://openalex.org/W2967679466","https://openalex.org/W2970868495","https://openalex.org/W2972740340","https://openalex.org/W2983149555","https://openalex.org/W2985945779","https://openalex.org/W2989817717","https://openalex.org/W2996319058","https://openalex.org/W2996636979","https://openalex.org/W3008198684","https://openalex.org/W3009899658","https://openalex.org/W3013030814","https://openalex.org/W3037308104","https://openalex.org/W3041380108","https://openalex.org/W3093501474","https://openalex.org/W3099150152","https://openalex.org/W3101319662","https://openalex.org/W3108118690","https://openalex.org/W3111222606","https://openalex.org/W3114481231","https://openalex.org/W3115397159","https://openalex.org/W3116164986","https://openalex.org/W3118864605","https://openalex.org/W3121384227","https://openalex.org/W3129361063","https://openalex.org/W3130090378","https://openalex.org/W3134511899","https://openalex.org/W3136348174","https://openalex.org/W3136362994","https://openalex.org/W3154048149","https://openalex.org/W3168388144","https://openalex.org/W3170644058","https://openalex.org/W3170671153","https://openalex.org/W3170818115","https://openalex.org/W3172414534","https://openalex.org/W3173167392","https://openalex.org/W3173175625","https://openalex.org/W3174447410","https://openalex.org/W3176477796","https://openalex.org/W3177459360","https://openalex.org/W3191730131","https://openalex.org/W3193949653","https://openalex.org/W3203761584","https://openalex.org/W3210066896","https://openalex.org/W4200631847","https://openalex.org/W4211163206","https://openalex.org/W4213338288","https://openalex.org/W4220852958","https://openalex.org/W4254808815","https://openalex.org/W4281889937","https://openalex.org/W4285199655","https://openalex.org/W4285819414","https://openalex.org/W4287855069","https://openalex.org/W4287888350","https://openalex.org/W4287890982","https://openalex.org/W4313563787","https://openalex.org/W4317536030","https://openalex.org/W4317566631","https://openalex.org/W4323909219","https://openalex.org/W4327498226","https://openalex.org/W4363652085","https://openalex.org/W4366598050","https://openalex.org/W4377010286","https://openalex.org/W4378505222","https://openalex.org/W4381952268","https://openalex.org/W4385484574","https://openalex.org/W4385571122","https://openalex.org/W4385571619","https://openalex.org/W4385686485","https://openalex.org/W4386130430","https://openalex.org/W4386415037","https://openalex.org/W4386424123","https://openalex.org/W4387344955","https://openalex.org/W4387558641","https://openalex.org/W4388010076","https://openalex.org/W4388015934","https://openalex.org/W4389520312","https://openalex.org/W4389520396","https://openalex.org/W4389524362","https://openalex.org/W4389524536","https://openalex.org/W4391473457","https://openalex.org/W4392773400","https://openalex.org/W4393090021","https://openalex.org/W4393619876","https://openalex.org/W4399920793","https://openalex.org/W4402193551","https://openalex.org/W4402527062","https://openalex.org/W4402670839","https://openalex.org/W4402766638","https://openalex.org/W4402842084","https://openalex.org/W4406022475","https://openalex.org/W4406462833","https://openalex.org/W4407163583","https://openalex.org/W4408259851","https://openalex.org/W4409348161","https://openalex.org/W4411630068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W4312825515","https://openalex.org/W4306742369","https://openalex.org/W4303457083","https://openalex.org/W2131146434","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W4376623224","https://openalex.org/W4387849428","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sexism":[0],"has":[1,27],"become":[2],"a":[3,30,143],"pressing":[4],"issue,":[5],"driven":[6],"by":[7],"the":[8,49,71,82,94,123,137],"rapid-spreading":[9],"influence":[10],"of":[11,36,43,61,70,125,139],"societal":[12],"norms,":[13],"media":[14],"portrayals,":[15],"and":[16,21,40,78,89,103,114],"online":[17],"platforms":[18],"that":[19,110],"perpetuate":[20],"amplify":[22],"gender":[23],"biases.":[24],"Curbing":[25],"sexism":[26,65,126,148],"emerged":[28],"as":[29],"critical":[31],"challenge":[32],"globally.":[33],"Being":[34],"capable":[35],"recognizing":[37],"sexist":[38],"statements":[39],"behaviors":[41],"is":[42,48],"particular":[44],"importance":[45],"since":[46],"it":[47],"first":[50],"step":[51],"in":[52,64,75,100,122,149],"mind":[53],"change.":[54],"This":[55],"survey":[56],"provides":[57],"an":[58],"extensive":[59],"overview":[60],"recent":[62],"advancements":[63],"detection.":[66,127],"We":[67],"present":[68],"details":[69],"various":[72],"resources":[73],"used":[74],"this":[76,129],"field":[77],"methodologies":[79],"applied":[80],"to":[81,134,136,146],"task,":[83],"covering":[84],"different":[85],"languages,":[86],"modalities,":[87],"models,":[88],"approaches.":[90],"Moreover,":[91],"we":[92,107,132],"examine":[93],"specific":[95],"challenges":[96],"these":[97],"models":[98],"encounter":[99],"accurately":[101],"identifying":[102],"classifying":[104],"sexism.":[105],"Additionally,":[106],"highlight":[108],"areas":[109],"require":[111],"further":[112],"research":[113],"propose":[115],"potential":[116],"new":[117],"directions":[118],"for":[119],"future":[120],"exploration":[121],"domain":[124],"Through":[128],"comprehensive":[130],"exploration,":[131],"strive":[133],"contribute":[135],"advancement":[138],"interdisciplinary":[140],"research,":[141],"fostering":[142],"collective":[144],"effort":[145],"combat":[147],"its":[150],"multifaceted":[151],"manifestations.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}