{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409249320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3553856","title":"Cost and Makespan-Aware Task Scheduling With Deep Reinforcement Learning in Multicloud Environments","display_name":"Cost and Makespan-Aware Task Scheduling With Deep Reinforcement Learning in Multicloud Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409249320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3553856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3553856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3553856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032307060","display_name":"Xuhao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-9988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuhao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-9988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005463262","display_name":"Fagui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1135-4982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fagui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1135-4982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073236866","display_name":"Bin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-571X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-571X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengjiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4889-0528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4889-0528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010421115","display_name":"Jun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8406-994X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8406-994X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033579560","display_name":"Quan Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4011-6166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4011-6166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101806633","display_name":"Qingbo Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingbo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9102-9890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of New Networks, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643265","display_name":"C. L. Philip Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-7230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.L. Philip Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-7230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032307060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3377,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91593191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"4217","last_page":"4230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.8014193773269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7838773131370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6538501381874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6441402435302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5320103168487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4156811237335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33016741275787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3172248601913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1646764576435089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14945632219314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.09083884954452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06951957941055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.06778159737586975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.8014193773269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7838773131370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6538501381874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6441402435302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5320103168487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4156811237335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33016741275787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3172248601913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1646764576435089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14945632219314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.09083884954452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06951957941055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.06778159737586975}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3553856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3553856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2167111956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24B20151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1651185206","https://openalex.org/W1986959475","https://openalex.org/W2017094076","https://openalex.org/W2036170528","https://openalex.org/W2057392949","https://openalex.org/W2064997230","https://openalex.org/W2088723799","https://openalex.org/W2090829747","https://openalex.org/W2114296561","https://openalex.org/W2136717145","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150273829","https://openalex.org/W2168825410","https://openalex.org/W2274600344","https://openalex.org/W2625191576","https://openalex.org/W2736768677","https://openalex.org/W2907193918","https://openalex.org/W2990029178","https://openalex.org/W2997722299","https://openalex.org/W3089116250","https://openalex.org/W3091890342","https://openalex.org/W3124558970","https://openalex.org/W3128486303","https://openalex.org/W3138090604","https://openalex.org/W3184490324","https://openalex.org/W3214291861","https://openalex.org/W3216235925","https://openalex.org/W4225342182","https://openalex.org/W4236456945","https://openalex.org/W4280571862","https://openalex.org/W4285219596","https://openalex.org/W4288075232","https://openalex.org/W4293061149","https://openalex.org/W4312849504","https://openalex.org/W4321606794","https://openalex.org/W4321609122","https://openalex.org/W4386434938","https://openalex.org/W4386519031","https://openalex.org/W4389163001","https://openalex.org/W4391407074","https://openalex.org/W4391559428","https://openalex.org/W4392432437","https://openalex.org/W4393028685","https://openalex.org/W4395047770","https://openalex.org/W4399130397","https://openalex.org/W4402025544","https://openalex.org/W4407287357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3172150420","https://openalex.org/W2107725657","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2112121444","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2509452605","https://openalex.org/W3204654320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,165],"multicloud":[1],"environments":[2],"(MCE)":[3],"represent":[4],"a":[5,12,36,99,113,120,143],"novel":[6,121],"paradigm":[7],"encompassing":[8],"multiple":[9,73],"infrastructure":[10],"as":[11,112],"service":[13,75],"(IaaS)":[14],"providers,":[15],"enabling":[16],"users":[17,62],"to":[18,25,52,67,155,161],"tailor":[19],"and":[20,47,56,135,158,174,192],"optimize":[21,156],"cloud":[22,38,74],"services":[23],"according":[24,160],"their":[26],"specific":[27],"requirements.":[28,164],"This":[29,96],"approach":[30],"effectively":[31],"addresses":[32],"the":[33,53,80,91,102,130,183],"limitations":[34],"of":[35,93,133,189],"single":[37],"environment":[39,123],"(SCE)":[40],"regarding":[41],"technical":[42],"constraints,":[43],"geographical":[44],"coverage":[45],"deficiencies,":[46],"cost-effectiveness":[48],"concerns":[49],"while":[50],"catering":[51],"increasingly":[54],"diverse":[55,70,162],"expanding":[57],"user":[58,163],"demands.":[59],"In":[60],"MCE,":[61,107],"must":[63],"employ":[64],"appropriate":[65],"strategies":[66],"efficiently":[68],"allocate":[69],"tasks":[71],"across":[72],"providers":[76],"(CSPs)":[77],"by":[78],"leveraging":[79],"best":[81],"available":[82],"resources.":[83],"Traditional":[84],"scheduling":[85,104,111,145],"algorithms":[86,186],"are":[87,168],"inadequate":[88],"for":[89,101,147],"addressing":[90],"complexities":[92],"such":[94],"MCE.":[95],"study":[97],"introduces":[98],"framework":[100,124],"task":[103,110,138,144],"procedure":[105],"in":[106,187],"treating":[108],"independent":[109,137],"Markov":[114],"decision":[115],"process":[116],"(MDP).":[117],"We":[118],"propose":[119,142],"agent":[122],"that":[125,178],"is":[126],"designed":[127],"based":[128,149],"on":[129,150],"distinctive":[131],"characteristics":[132],"MCE":[134,148],"enables":[136],"scheduling.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"we":[141],"algorithm":[146,181],"deep":[151],"reinforcement":[152],"learning":[153],"(DRL)":[154],"cost":[157,190],"makespan":[159,193],"simulation":[166],"experiments":[167],"conducted":[169],"using":[170],"both":[171],"simulated":[172],"datasets":[173],"real-world":[175],"datasets,":[176],"demonstrating":[177],"our":[179],"proposed":[180],"surpasses":[182],"other":[184],"five":[185],"terms":[188],"minimization":[191],"optimization.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
