{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408711003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3550196","title":"START: A Spatiotemporal Autoregressive Transformer for Enhancing Crime Prediction Accuracy","display_name":"START: A Spatiotemporal Autoregressive Transformer for Enhancing Crime Prediction Accuracy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408711003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3550196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3550196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3550196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061026288","display_name":"Umair Muneer Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9197-3419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umair Muneer Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology (Sialkot Campus), Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9197-3419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology (Sialkot Campus), Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073999917","display_name":"Sukumar Letchmunan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3521-7141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sukumar Letchmunan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3521-7141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033406444","display_name":"Mubashir Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-4045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mubashir Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-4045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070150180","display_name":"Hafiz Husnain Raza Sherazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-4065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Husnain Raza Sherazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Newcastle University, New Castle, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-4065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, New Castle, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93363201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"4650","last_page":"4664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.7538247108459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4907461404800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4886920750141144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.347394198179245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.33945631980895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3243311047554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2786336839199066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15221011638641357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1436326503753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.14291691780090332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.7538247108459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4907461404800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4886920750141144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.347394198179245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.33945631980895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3243311047554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2786336839199066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15221011638641357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1436326503753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.14291691780090332}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3550196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3550196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987513450","https://openalex.org/W1999592151","https://openalex.org/W2128338591","https://openalex.org/W2564089970","https://openalex.org/W2592239475","https://openalex.org/W2753216690","https://openalex.org/W2767949765","https://openalex.org/W2791059564","https://openalex.org/W2884741544","https://openalex.org/W2885687276","https://openalex.org/W2895806569","https://openalex.org/W2907002026","https://openalex.org/W2908786777","https://openalex.org/W2962716677","https://openalex.org/W2993218577","https://openalex.org/W2997254893","https://openalex.org/W3010155625","https://openalex.org/W3012735076","https://openalex.org/W3030749068","https://openalex.org/W3044171821","https://openalex.org/W3084405808","https://openalex.org/W3123654570","https://openalex.org/W3127172108","https://openalex.org/W3135993269","https://openalex.org/W3154291377","https://openalex.org/W3162886737","https://openalex.org/W3166170950","https://openalex.org/W3216423019","https://openalex.org/W3216749785","https://openalex.org/W4207002203","https://openalex.org/W4229017937","https://openalex.org/W4233588482","https://openalex.org/W4294884655","https://openalex.org/W4306168631","https://openalex.org/W4306645406","https://openalex.org/W4306965360","https://openalex.org/W4307958708","https://openalex.org/W4309026856","https://openalex.org/W4312561791","https://openalex.org/W4319878836","https://openalex.org/W4366090965","https://openalex.org/W4384563344","https://openalex.org/W4385258623","https://openalex.org/W4385763767","https://openalex.org/W4387004586","https://openalex.org/W4387219604","https://openalex.org/W4388264446","https://openalex.org/W4388673069","https://openalex.org/W4388706355","https://openalex.org/W4389109684","https://openalex.org/W4389848458","https://openalex.org/W4392553889","https://openalex.org/W4394892510","https://openalex.org/W4396629483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171218219","https://openalex.org/W1972271943","https://openalex.org/W2150410159","https://openalex.org/W4327525404","https://openalex.org/W4287185323","https://openalex.org/W3150905897","https://openalex.org/W1520183331","https://openalex.org/W2734842993","https://openalex.org/W2168175994","https://openalex.org/W2156628102"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3],"spatiotemporal":[4,13],"autoregressive":[5],"transformer":[6],"(START)":[7],"that":[8],"combines":[9],"the":[10,41,129,132,141,163],"strengths":[11],"of":[12,131],"transformers":[14],"and":[15,27,66,85,103,106,119],"vector":[16],"autoregression":[17],"(VAR)":[18],"to":[19,36,43,47,59,146],"predict":[20],"crime":[21,38,49,83,97,137,150],"by":[22,69,79,160],"type,":[23],"handling":[24],"nonstationary":[25],"data":[26],"capturing":[28,71],"long-term":[29],"dependencies.":[30],"Moreover,":[31],"Start":[32],"utilizes":[33],"one-hot":[34],"encoding":[35],"differentiate":[37],"types,":[39],"enabling":[40],"model":[42],"assign":[44],"specific":[45,82],"attention":[46,75],"individual":[48],"categories.":[50],"Seasonal":[51],"trend":[52],"decomposition":[53],"using":[54],"LOESS":[55],"(STL)":[56],"is":[57,92],"employed":[58],"decompose":[60],"time":[61],"series":[62],"into":[63],"trend,":[64],"seasonality,":[65],"remainder":[67],"components":[68],"effectively":[70],"residual":[72],"variations.":[73],"VAR":[74],"enhances":[76],"prediction":[77,138,151],"accuracy":[78,139],"focusing":[80,161],"on":[81,94,162],"types":[84],"prioritizing":[86],"relevant":[87],"information.":[88],"The":[89],"proposed":[90,133],"approach":[91],"evaluated":[93],"publicly":[95],"available":[96],"datasets":[98],"from":[99],"New":[100],"York,":[101],"Chicago,":[102],"Los":[104],"Angeles":[105],"three":[107],"state-of-the-art":[108,147],"evaluation":[109],"measures:":[110],"mean":[111,114,121],"error":[112,117,123],"(ME),":[113],"absolute":[115],"percentage":[116],"(MAPE),":[118],"root":[120],"square":[122],"(RMSE).":[124],"Our":[125],"simulation":[126],"results":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"significance":[130],"method":[134],"in":[135],"enhancing":[136],"for":[140],"most":[142,164],"critical":[143,165],"crimes":[144],"compared":[145],"methods.":[148],"Enhanced":[149],"may":[152],"help":[153],"law":[154],"enforcement":[155],"agencies":[156],"allocate":[157],"resources":[158],"efficiently":[159],"areas.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}