{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408357845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3545822","title":"LLM-BotGuard: A Novel Framework for Detecting LLM-Driven Bots With Mixture of Experts and Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"LLM-BotGuard: A Novel Framework for Detecting LLM-Driven Bots With Mixture of Experts and Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408357845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3545822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3545822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3545822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084848935","display_name":"Jinglong Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinglong Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6438-1945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044008966","display_name":"Weihua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-4979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-4979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029548157","display_name":"Quan Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1214-6317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1214-6317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042399868","display_name":"Minh Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2757-8350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2757-8350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaodan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2159-2339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1793135","display_name":"Yanbian University","ror":"https://ror.org/039xnh269","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1793135"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yanbian University, Yanji, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2159-2339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yanbian University, Yanji, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1793135"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028333907","display_name":"Jianhua Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179324530","display_name":"Jilin University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04az9eh24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179324530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin University of Finance and Economics, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-2922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin University of Finance and Economics, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179324530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98235866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"3488","last_page":"3500"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9585999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9474999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6333555579185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5855638384819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.508885383605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47802481055259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.41916680335998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32550299167633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2622396945953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11031961441040039}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6333555579185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5855638384819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.508885383605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47802481055259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.41916680335998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32550299167633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2622396945953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11031961441040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3545822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2025.3545822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openrepository.aut.ac.nz:10292/19235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10292/19235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401809","display_name":"Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","host_organization_name":"Auckland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176212337","https://openalex.org/W198385923","https://openalex.org/W2045775870","https://openalex.org/W2082891496","https://openalex.org/W2089919995","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2263846226","https://openalex.org/W2613920221","https://openalex.org/W2724523750","https://openalex.org/W2765787211","https://openalex.org/W2787296320","https://openalex.org/W2913462649","https://openalex.org/W2944790037","https://openalex.org/W2945822178","https://openalex.org/W2987915391","https://openalex.org/W2997788455","https://openalex.org/W2999057584","https://openalex.org/W3010115535","https://openalex.org/W3025451404","https://openalex.org/W3088196840","https://openalex.org/W3088622008","https://openalex.org/W3093744263","https://openalex.org/W3124887637","https://openalex.org/W3139427994","https://openalex.org/W3175498457","https://openalex.org/W3192856967","https://openalex.org/W3197022418","https://openalex.org/W4213147383","https://openalex.org/W4308804842","https://openalex.org/W4319332853","https://openalex.org/W4320029458","https://openalex.org/W4323644405","https://openalex.org/W4380301730","https://openalex.org/W4384828840","https://openalex.org/W4385287043","https://openalex.org/W4385788235","https://openalex.org/W4386417345","https://openalex.org/W4387883764","https://openalex.org/W4388491879","https://openalex.org/W4394828356","https://openalex.org/W4396843725","https://openalex.org/W4400525468","https://openalex.org/W4411541869"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"social":[1,187],"media":[2],"bots":[3,34,79,120,184],"has":[4],"become":[5],"increasingly":[6],"critical":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,49,90,152],"their":[10,82,88],"detrimental":[11],"impact":[12],"on":[13,36],"online":[14,186],"environments.":[15],"With":[16],"the":[17,58,115,154,157],"emergence":[18],"of":[19,76,85,113,118,135,156],"sophisticated":[20,182],"large":[21],"language":[22],"models":[23],"(LLM)":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"ChatGPT,":[27],"bot":[28,123],"detection":[29,47,86,108],"faces":[30],"new":[31],"challenges.":[32],"These":[33],"based":[35],"LLMs":[37],"exhibit":[38],"human-like":[39],"behaviors,":[40],"and":[41,69,87,138,144],"it":[42],"is":[43,111],"difficult":[44],"for":[45,180],"traditional":[46,97],"approaches":[48],"identify":[50],"them":[51],"effectively.":[52],"Such":[53],"conventional":[54],"methods":[55,168],"struggle":[56],"with":[57,62,96,141],"advanced":[59],"features":[60,117],"associated":[61],"LLM-driven":[63,78,119,171,183],"bots,":[64],"which":[65],"possess":[66],"contextual":[67],"understanding":[68],"mimic":[70],"human":[71],"interaction":[72],"patterns.":[73],"The":[74,160,173],"significance":[75],"detecting":[77,170],"lies":[80],"in":[81,169,185],"increased":[83],"difficulty":[84],"potential":[89],"inflict":[91],"more":[92],"covert":[93],"harm":[94],"compared":[95],"bots.":[98,172],"To":[99],"address":[100],"these":[101],"challenges,":[102],"we":[103],"propose":[104],"LLM-BotGuard,":[105],"a":[106,177],"novel":[107],"model":[109],"that":[110,163],"capable":[112],"capturing":[114],"unique":[116],"alongside":[121],"other":[122],"characteristics":[124],"through":[125],"three":[126],"key":[127],"modules,":[128],"i.e.,":[129],"pattern-informed":[130],"feature":[131],"extraction":[132],"module,":[133,137],"mixture":[134],"experts":[136],"graph":[139,142],"module":[140],"sample":[143],"aggregation":[145],"networks.":[146,188],"Extensive":[147],"experiments":[148],"have":[149],"been":[150],"conducted":[151],"evaluate":[153],"performance":[155],"proposed":[158,174],"LLM-BotGuard.":[159],"results":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"LLM-BotGuard":[164,175],"significantly":[165],"outperforms":[166],"baseline":[167],"offers":[176],"robust":[178],"solution":[179],"identifying":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
