{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406137563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2024.3522837","title":"Efficient Duplicate Comment Detection for Rulemaking Agencies With Unsupervised Deep Learning: A Cost-Effective and High-Accuracy Approach","display_name":"Efficient Duplicate Comment Detection for Rulemaking Agencies With Unsupervised Deep Learning: A Cost-Effective and High-Accuracy Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406137563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2024.3522837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2024.3522837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2024.3522837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067129633","display_name":"Zhicheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-6409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-6409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111122051","display_name":"Weixuan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5980-4592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixuan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5980-4592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023910677","display_name":"Jeong\u2010Nam Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-5784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeong-Nam Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-5784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093541869","display_name":"James Hollenczer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Hollenczer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085432527","display_name":"Hyelim Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9032-9835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyelim Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9032-9835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076309953","display_name":"Matthew L. Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-1827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004342448","display_name":"Elena Bessarabova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Bessarabova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-5196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092776758","display_name":"Neil Talbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9300-9561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Talbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100617073","display_name":"Rui Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-0716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-0716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100769850","display_name":"Yifu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-8429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-8429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89538129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"2675","last_page":"2684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rulemaking","display_name":"Rulemaking","score":0.9269493818283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6072408556938171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.580735445022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5718392133712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.542437732219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.502021074295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33848702907562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14229288697242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.10955506563186646}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781019588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479254","display_name":"Rulemaking","level":2,"score":0.9269493818283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6072408556938171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.580735445022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5718392133712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.542437732219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.502021074295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33848702907562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14229288697242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10955506563186646}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2024.3522837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2024.3522837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556249177","https://openalex.org/W1978554374","https://openalex.org/W1985895460","https://openalex.org/W1995881620","https://openalex.org/W1996673766","https://openalex.org/W2022699253","https://openalex.org/W2039897348","https://openalex.org/W2056619857","https://openalex.org/W2111549955","https://openalex.org/W2142127789","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2534322923","https://openalex.org/W2565330852","https://openalex.org/W2940490924","https://openalex.org/W2944443809","https://openalex.org/W2945267390","https://openalex.org/W2962951611","https://openalex.org/W2963126845","https://openalex.org/W2963223306","https://openalex.org/W2963858765","https://openalex.org/W2975393694","https://openalex.org/W4210705063","https://openalex.org/W4221037967","https://openalex.org/W4239392451","https://openalex.org/W4309617652","https://openalex.org/W4361804038","https://openalex.org/W4376891164","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385958045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4220926404","https://openalex.org/W3123344745","https://openalex.org/W3196155444","https://openalex.org/W4321844043","https://openalex.org/W3210156800","https://openalex.org/W4390062853","https://openalex.org/W4297883248","https://openalex.org/W4255830763","https://openalex.org/W1583266947"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Government":[0],"agencies":[1,97],"tasked":[2],"with":[3],"soliciting":[4],"comments":[5,61,86],"from":[6,64,165],"the":[7,52,55,73,121,129,138,142,151,154,162,166,183,186],"American":[8,56],"public":[9,43],"in":[10,14,20,98,177],"response":[11],"to":[12,24,127,141,145,161,196],"changes":[13],"rulemaking":[15,93],"have":[16,81],"long":[17],"been":[18],"interested":[19],"finding":[21],"effective":[22],"techniques":[23],"automatically":[25],"process":[26],"spam":[27,79],"comments,":[28,194],"including":[29],"flagging":[30,84],"and":[31,45,76,89,104,109,134],"filtering":[32],"duplicate":[33,60,85,193],"comments.":[34,148],"Duplicate":[35],"submissions":[36],"are":[37,62],"problematic":[38],"because":[39],"they":[40,69],"obscure":[41],"genuine":[42],"input":[44],"may":[46],"amplify":[47],"fringe":[48],"opinions":[49],"nonrepresentative":[50],"of":[51,54,153,185],"majority":[53],"public.":[57],"Given":[58],"that":[59],"generated":[63],"templates":[65],"or":[66],"predrafted":[67],"texts,":[68],"can":[70],"easily":[71],"overwhelm":[72],"commenting":[74],"process,":[75],"massive":[77],"opinion":[78],"campaigns":[80],"made":[82],"manually":[83],"a":[87,106],"costly":[88],"time-consuming":[90],"task":[91],"for":[92],"agencies.":[94],"To":[95,149],"help":[96],"their":[99],"deduplication":[100,199],"efforts,":[101],"we":[102,136,157],"developed":[103],"tested":[105],"highly":[107],"accurate":[108],"cost-effective":[110],"technique":[111,160,190],"based":[112],"on":[113,174],"unsupervised":[114],"deep":[115,124,188],"machine":[116],"learning.":[117],"Our":[118,179],"method":[119,140],"used":[120],"graph":[122],"augmented":[123],"learning":[125,189],"model":[126],"embed":[128],"comment":[130],"texts":[131],"into":[132],"vectors,":[133],"then":[135],"applied":[137,158],"clustering":[139],"embedded":[143],"vectors":[144],"identify":[146],"similar":[147],"test":[150],"efficacy":[152],"proposed":[155,171,187],"approach,":[156],"our":[159],"raw":[163],"data":[164],"Federal":[167],"Communications":[168],"Commission\u2019s":[169],"(FCC)":[170],"rule":[172],"change":[173],"Net":[175],"Neutrality":[176],"2017.":[178],"study":[180],"results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"superiority":[184],"at":[191],"identifying":[192],"relative":[195],"other":[197],"state-of-the-art":[198],"approaches.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
