{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381233115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2023.3280952","title":"Offensive Language Detection for Low Resource Language Using Deep Sequence Model","display_name":"Offensive Language Detection for Low Resource Language Using Deep Sequence Model","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381233115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2023.3280952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2023.3280952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2023.3280952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103074115","display_name":"Anas Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0964-4748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anas Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114059325","display_name":"M. Hammad Iqbal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Hammad Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007906175","display_name":"Shibli Nisar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0311-0876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibli Nisar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100716653","display_name":"Awais Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5483-2732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awais Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032009749","display_name":"Waseem Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waseem Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103074115"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5265,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95737768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"5210","last_page":"5218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigram","display_name":"Trigram","score":0.8734649419784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bigram","display_name":"Bigram","score":0.8460613489151001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.8323796987533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8069414496421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6630773544311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.6312669515609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6310995221138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.5831310153007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.53017258644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.503210723400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.45280954241752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.43531185388565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.42407816648483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33990979194641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07653576135635376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.8734649419784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108757681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773912","display_name":"Bigram","level":3,"score":0.8460613489151001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.8323796987533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8069414496421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6630773544311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.6312669515609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6310995221138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.5831310153007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.53017258644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.503210723400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.45280954241752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.43531185388565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.42407816648483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33990979194641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07653576135635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2023.3280952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2023.3280952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W226699106","https://openalex.org/W1436652029","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2231920551","https://openalex.org/W2317515691","https://openalex.org/W2401501732","https://openalex.org/W2560070550","https://openalex.org/W2567653693","https://openalex.org/W2586068811","https://openalex.org/W2735732880","https://openalex.org/W2782791108","https://openalex.org/W2792441346","https://openalex.org/W2793175120","https://openalex.org/W2883387735","https://openalex.org/W2889171966","https://openalex.org/W2901224794","https://openalex.org/W2904588807","https://openalex.org/W2944152053","https://openalex.org/W2958225319","https://openalex.org/W2979650406","https://openalex.org/W2979750067","https://openalex.org/W2988589399","https://openalex.org/W2989766846","https://openalex.org/W3007075806","https://openalex.org/W3009799308","https://openalex.org/W3014731759","https://openalex.org/W3016455208","https://openalex.org/W3025975045","https://openalex.org/W3039503982","https://openalex.org/W3040896098","https://openalex.org/W3042316884","https://openalex.org/W3043013845","https://openalex.org/W3044333489","https://openalex.org/W3105441326","https://openalex.org/W3113424104","https://openalex.org/W3113547433","https://openalex.org/W3115320986","https://openalex.org/W3118913631","https://openalex.org/W3134728912","https://openalex.org/W3151769833","https://openalex.org/W3156333129","https://openalex.org/W3157654875","https://openalex.org/W3160242947","https://openalex.org/W3170930062","https://openalex.org/W3189998231","https://openalex.org/W3193503138","https://openalex.org/W3206810096","https://openalex.org/W3210712343","https://openalex.org/W3213727534","https://openalex.org/W4214837599","https://openalex.org/W4281296901","https://openalex.org/W4313302912","https://openalex.org/W4360886147","https://openalex.org/W6689689846","https://openalex.org/W6704101563","https://openalex.org/W6747337883","https://openalex.org/W6766947037","https://openalex.org/W6776141963","https://openalex.org/W6788530388","https://openalex.org/W6793958560","https://openalex.org/W6794348698","https://openalex.org/W6927093827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011383762","https://openalex.org/W4327499987","https://openalex.org/W2048414027","https://openalex.org/W3173084154","https://openalex.org/W2940857995","https://openalex.org/W2895883758","https://openalex.org/W2940684586","https://openalex.org/W2809276897","https://openalex.org/W2031891814","https://openalex.org/W353876725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,96],"platforms":[2],"are":[3,48,134],"heavily":[4],"used":[5,135],"by":[6,88,186],"people":[7,19],"to":[8,26,136],"express":[9,27],"their":[10,13,28],"views":[11],"in":[12,196,206],"native":[14],"languages.":[15,53,64],"Besides":[16],"positive":[17],"views,":[18],"often":[20],"use":[21],"abusive":[22],"or":[23,30],"offensive":[24,35,44,73],"language":[25,36,74],"anger":[29],"frustration.":[31],"Resource-rich":[32],"languages":[33],"have":[34],"detection":[37],"systems":[38],"which":[39,70],"automatically":[40,71],"monitor":[41],"and":[42,97,106,122,129,151,163],"block":[43],"content,":[45],"however,":[46],"they":[47],"very":[49,77],"rare":[50],"for":[51,62,75,202],"low-resourced":[52],"This":[54,65],"is":[55,86,104,184,199],"because":[56],"of":[57,60,160,171,182],"the":[58,145,177,203],"nonavailability":[59],"datasets":[61],"local":[63],"article":[66],"proposes":[67],"a":[68,76,130,158],"model":[69,103,133],"detects":[72],"low-resource":[78],"language,":[79],"i.e.,":[80,114],"Pashto.":[81],"The":[82,101,165,193],"Roman":[83],"Pashto":[84],"dataset":[85],"created":[87,195],"picking":[89],"60":[90],"thousand":[91],"comments":[92],"from":[93],"different":[94,110],"social":[95],"labeling":[98],"them":[99],"manually.":[100],"proposed":[102],"trained":[105],"tested":[107],"using":[108,187],"three":[109],"feature":[111],"extraction":[112],"approaches,":[113],"bag-of-words":[115],"(BoW),":[116],"term":[117],"frequency-inverse":[118],"document":[119],"frequency":[120],"(TF-IDF),":[121],"sequence":[123,132],"integer":[124],"encoding.":[125],"Four":[126],"traditional":[127],"classifiers":[128],"deep":[131],"train":[137],"on":[138,157],"this":[139,197,207],"task.":[140],"Experimental":[141],"result":[142],"shows":[143],"that":[144],"random":[146],"forest":[147],"classifier":[148,167],"works":[149],"best":[150],"give":[152],"94.07":[153],"%":[154,173],"testing":[155,180],"accuracy":[156,170,181],"combination":[159],"unigrams,":[161],"bigrams,":[162],"trigrams.":[164],"same":[166],"gives":[168],"maximum":[169],"93.90":[172],"with":[174],"TF-IDF.":[175],"However,":[176],"overall":[178],"highest":[179],"97.21%":[183],"achieved":[185],"bidirectional":[188],"long":[189],"short-term":[190],"memory":[191],"(BLSTM).":[192],"corpus":[194],"work":[198],"made":[200],"available":[201],"researcher":[204],"working":[205],"domain.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-01T08:55:55.761014","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
