{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291805097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103","title":"CovidTrak: A Vision on Social Intelligence-Empowered COVID-19 Contact Tracing","display_name":"CovidTrak: A Vision on Social Intelligence-Empowered COVID-19 Contact Tracing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291805097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10352175/09857836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10352175/09857836.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025156730","display_name":"Md Tahmid Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9956-0988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Tahmid Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9956-0988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391517","display_name":"Dong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-8023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-8023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9561,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80445548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"3385","last_page":"3405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.8812576532363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.7694481015205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.5322116613388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5314898490905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-contact","display_name":"Social contact","score":0.530422031879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5008847713470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.49301692843437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.4793342053890228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46615728735923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4547147750854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.43989983201026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3965872526168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3887086808681488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34765368700027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.17685168981552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.1713373363018036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1633225977420807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.15075936913490295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.8812576532363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.7694481015205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5322116613388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5314898490905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993273237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551028","display_name":"Social contact","level":2,"score":0.530422031879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5008847713470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.49301692843437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.4793342053890228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46615728735923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4547147750854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.43989983201026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3965872526168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3887086808681488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34765368700027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17685168981552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.1713373363018036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1633225977420807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.15075936913490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10352175/09857836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3195103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10352175/09857836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G204910466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CHE-2105005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337393","funder_display_name":"Division of Chemistry"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2953817630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-2008228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4626180636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1831669","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5005242804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-2202481","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5428784590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1845639","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6397082643","display_name":"D3SC: CDS&E: Collaborative Research: Machine Learning Modeling for the Reactivity of Organic Contaminants in Engineered and Natural Environments","funder_award_id":"2105005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6686787766","display_name":"CHS: Small: DeepCrowd: A Crowd-assisted Deep Learning-based Disaster Scene Assessment System with Active Human-AI Interactions","funder_award_id":"2008228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6844433153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2105005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337393","funder_display_name":"Division of Chemistry"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7701409908","display_name":"SCC: Smart Water Crowdsensing: Examining How Innovative Data Analytics and Citizen Science Can Ensure Safe Drinking Water in Rural Versus Suburban Communities","funder_award_id":"1831669","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7948608286","display_name":"FairFL-MC: A Metacognitive Calibration Intervention Powered by Fair and Private Machine Learning","funder_award_id":"2202481","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7983349814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CHE-2105005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337393","display_name":"Division of Chemistry","ror":"https://ror.org/01ar8dr59"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291805097.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291805097.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":154,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107623374","https://openalex.org/W164595361","https://openalex.org/W1500258577","https://openalex.org/W1548037568","https://openalex.org/W1561547499","https://openalex.org/W1641749581","https://openalex.org/W1852752031","https://openalex.org/W1969107639","https://openalex.org/W1970024489","https://openalex.org/W1977185509","https://openalex.org/W1983438995","https://openalex.org/W1992519359","https://openalex.org/W1996002582","https://openalex.org/W2003096040","https://openalex.org/W2035902002","https://openalex.org/W2037176437","https://openalex.org/W2040795128","https://openalex.org/W2052164429","https://openalex.org/W2056904026","https://openalex.org/W2058027600","https://openalex.org/W2065711524","https://openalex.org/W2067847142","https://openalex.org/W2068372477","https://openalex.org/W2074968817","https://openalex.org/W2093616570","https://openalex.org/W2099696079","https://openalex.org/W2114048923","https://openalex.org/W2116056065","https://openalex.org/W2118388899","https://openalex.org/W2120467164","https://openalex.org/W2124690797","https://openalex.org/W2135035282","https://openalex.org/W2141713914","https://openalex.org/W2141774868","https://openalex.org/W2154594890","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2186120071","https://openalex.org/W2204187200","https://openalex.org/W2254433317","https://openalex.org/W2283694230","https://openalex.org/W2322190778","https://openalex.org/W2340137273","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2418803210","https://openalex.org/W2434328022","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2488984245","https://openalex.org/W2557700421","https://openalex.org/W2575542272","https://openalex.org/W2584297289","https://openalex.org/W2737717567","https://openalex.org/W2742330194","https://openalex.org/W2765521113","https://openalex.org/W2765619146","https://openalex.org/W2768475350","https://openalex.org/W2770897355","https://openalex.org/W2772453898","https://openalex.org/W2779692282","https://openalex.org/W2780195716","https://openalex.org/W2782905119","https://openalex.org/W2783588057","https://openalex.org/W2786070938","https://openalex.org/W2787456091","https://openalex.org/W2796948984","https://openalex.org/W2808812311","https://openalex.org/W2810278044","https://openalex.org/W2811501037","https://openalex.org/W2882992559","https://openalex.org/W2885355314","https://openalex.org/W2889501980","https://openalex.org/W2898444472","https://openalex.org/W2901312569","https://openalex.org/W2902144422","https://openalex.org/W2906670185","https://openalex.org/W2914427239","https://openalex.org/W2915575762","https://openalex.org/W2916904544","https://openalex.org/W2921281985","https://openalex.org/W2932305125","https://openalex.org/W2946086526","https://openalex.org/W2950759617","https://openalex.org/W2953700362","https://openalex.org/W2963062476","https://openalex.org/W2969527441","https://openalex.org/W2976751052","https://openalex.org/W2976767258","https://openalex.org/W2977219551","https://openalex.org/W2977753488","https://openalex.org/W2981762745","https://openalex.org/W2982492177","https://openalex.org/W2992908339","https://openalex.org/W2996801518","https://openalex.org/W3008738665","https://openalex.org/W3011186656","https://openalex.org/W3014807190","https://openalex.org/W3015705600","https://openalex.org/W3019011053","https://openalex.org/W3020514163","https://openalex.org/W3021029151","https://openalex.org/W3023585994","https://openalex.org/W3025451214","https://openalex.org/W3029037073","https://openalex.org/W3029370843","https://openalex.org/W3029526382","https://openalex.org/W3033102011","https://openalex.org/W3034361669","https://openalex.org/W3034949062","https://openalex.org/W3036422000","https://openalex.org/W3039225830","https://openalex.org/W3041474538","https://openalex.org/W3046176010","https://openalex.org/W3047024287","https://openalex.org/W3047567221","https://openalex.org/W3047958480","https://openalex.org/W3049296443","https://openalex.org/W3080158060","https://openalex.org/W3089922637","https://openalex.org/W3094762121","https://openalex.org/W3097958417","https://openalex.org/W3102526666","https://openalex.org/W3104737638","https://openalex.org/W3116109061","https://openalex.org/W3125931163","https://openalex.org/W3130081683","https://openalex.org/W3153744412","https://openalex.org/W3154472040","https://openalex.org/W3176908738","https://openalex.org/W3213800059","https://openalex.org/W4205434108","https://openalex.org/W4205562118","https://openalex.org/W4206188795","https://openalex.org/W4231104380","https://openalex.org/W4246769683","https://openalex.org/W4250350950","https://openalex.org/W4252019479","https://openalex.org/W4253271685","https://openalex.org/W4253387571","https://openalex.org/W4285602186","https://openalex.org/W4287587018","https://openalex.org/W4309618995","https://openalex.org/W6604303105","https://openalex.org/W6629886455","https://openalex.org/W6691351750","https://openalex.org/W6717080717","https://openalex.org/W6718409767","https://openalex.org/W6744475868","https://openalex.org/W6752609924","https://openalex.org/W6776669840","https://openalex.org/W6785149266","https://openalex.org/W6786746839","https://openalex.org/W6797796499","https://openalex.org/W6831594119","https://openalex.org/W6833500958","https://openalex.org/W6960336336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3021725166","https://openalex.org/W3015418220","https://openalex.org/W3191342115","https://openalex.org/W3025296323","https://openalex.org/W3092141723","https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3205580932","https://openalex.org/W3214595614","https://openalex.org/W4386552843","https://openalex.org/W4210674775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,35,55,69,161,196,206,213,218,243,261,267,288,291,307],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,46,102,134,201,217,246,255,263,290],"smart":[4],"devices":[5],"and":[6,29,83,111,117,120,129,164,215,281,286,310],"widespread":[7],"Internet":[8],"connectivity,":[9],"social":[10,25,47,59,135,148,170,230,250],"sensing":[11,17,60,149],"is":[12,74],"advancing":[13],"as":[14],"a":[15,44,99,174,179,183,191],"pervasive":[16],"paradigm":[18],"where":[19],"experiences":[20,163],"shared":[21],"by":[22,159,167],"individuals":[23,92],"on":[24,169],"platforms":[26,172,251],"(e.g.,":[27,109,173],"Twitter":[28],"Facebook)":[30],"are":[31,106],"analyzed":[32],"to":[33,53,61,76,91,143,194,204,211,227,240,252,259,272,278,284,301,305],"interpret":[34],"physical":[36],"world.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"article,":[40],"we":[41],"introduce":[42],"CovidTrak,":[43],"vision":[45,200],"intelligence-empowered":[48],"contact":[49,103,276,295],"tracing":[50,73,104],"that":[51,137,232],"aims":[52],"scrutinize":[54],"knowledge":[56],"derived":[57],"using":[58],"track":[62],"Coronavirus":[63],"Disease":[64],"2019":[65],"(COVID-19)":[66],"infections":[67],"among":[68,236],"general":[70],"public.":[71],"Contact":[72],"known":[75],"be":[77],"an":[78,151],"effective":[79,312],"technique":[80],"for":[81,154],"detecting":[82],"monitoring":[84],"persons":[85],"who":[86],"may":[87],"have":[88],"been":[89],"exposed":[90],"infected":[93],"with":[94,182],"any":[95],"communicable":[96],"disease.":[97],"While":[98],"good":[100],"number":[101],"schemes":[105],"existent":[107],"today":[108],"in-person":[110,234],"phone":[112],"interviews,":[113],"paper":[114],"forms,":[115],"email":[116],"web-based":[118],"questionnaires,":[119],"smartphone":[121],"apps),":[122],"they":[123],"often":[124],"require":[125],"active":[126],"user":[127],"participation":[128],"might":[130],"miss":[131],"certain":[132],"cases":[133],"interactions":[136],"go":[138],"off-the-records":[139],"but":[140],"still":[141],"lead":[142],"COVID-19":[144,197],"transmission.":[145],"By":[146],"contrast,":[147],"provides":[150],"alternative":[152],"avenue":[153],"spontaneously":[155],"determining":[156,222],"such":[157],"contacts":[158],"harnessing":[160],"rich":[162],"information":[165,277],"conveyed":[166],"people":[168,293],"data":[171,248],"group":[175],"photograph":[176],"tweeted":[177],"from":[178,249],"house":[180],"party":[181],"potential":[184],"contact).":[185],"As":[186],"such,":[187],"CovidTrak":[188,202,314],"can":[189],"form":[190],"powerful":[192],"basis":[193],"combat":[195],"pandemic.":[198],"The":[199],"intends":[203],"answer":[205],"following":[207],"questions:":[208],"1)":[209],"how":[210,226,239,258,271,283],"bolster":[212],"privacy":[214],"security":[216],"online":[219],"users":[220],"while":[221],"their":[223],"contacts?":[224],"2)":[225],"collect":[228],"relevant":[229],"signals":[231],"indicate":[233],"encounters":[235],"people?":[237],"3)":[238],"reliably":[241],"process":[242],"vast":[244],"amount":[245],"noisy":[247],"identify":[253],"chains":[254],"transmission?":[256],"4)":[257],"handle":[260,287],"scarcity":[262],"location":[264],"metadata":[265],"in":[266],"incoming":[268],"data?":[269],"5)":[270],"effectively":[273],"communicate":[274],"crucial":[275],"concerned":[279],"individuals?":[280],"6)":[282],"model":[285],"responses":[289],"common":[292],"toward":[294],"information?":[296],"We":[297],"envision":[298],"unexplored":[299],"opportunities":[300],"leverage":[302],"multidisciplinary":[303],"techniques":[304],"address":[306],"above":[308],"questions":[309],"develop":[311],"future":[313],"schemes.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}