{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226530281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3165136","title":"Deep Explainable Hate Speech Active Learning on Social-Media Data","display_name":"Deep Explainable Hate Speech Active Learning on Social-Media Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226530281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3165136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3165136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3165136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091198094","display_name":"Usman Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-4273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179863766","display_name":"Western Norway University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05phns765","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usman Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway","Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000640263","display_name":"Jerry Chun\u2010Wei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8768-9709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179863766","display_name":"Western Norway University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05phns765","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Chun-Wei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway","Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091198094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8902,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94177502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"4625","last_page":"4635"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7428021430969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.627695620059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.5570067763328552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4982163906097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4789867401123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4689469039440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.4571651220321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4571343660354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.42559218406677246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7428021430969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.627695620059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.5570067763328552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4982163906097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4789867401123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4689469039440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.4571651220321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4571343660354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.42559218406677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3165136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3165136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2098742124","https://openalex.org/W2105482032","https://openalex.org/W2111990480","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2617110182","https://openalex.org/W2772345395","https://openalex.org/W2784499877","https://openalex.org/W2792441346","https://openalex.org/W2794585602","https://openalex.org/W2801887493","https://openalex.org/W2807593075","https://openalex.org/W2885170888","https://openalex.org/W2907973983","https://openalex.org/W2912654919","https://openalex.org/W2913240367","https://openalex.org/W2927351257","https://openalex.org/W2947145950","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2962932155","https://openalex.org/W2963790884","https://openalex.org/W2963913979","https://openalex.org/W2974095898","https://openalex.org/W2997533479","https://openalex.org/W3002617524","https://openalex.org/W3008198684","https://openalex.org/W3015706105","https://openalex.org/W3021204052","https://openalex.org/W3034917890","https://openalex.org/W3036502703","https://openalex.org/W3043202537","https://openalex.org/W3045543021","https://openalex.org/W3085890295","https://openalex.org/W3098949126","https://openalex.org/W3101155149","https://openalex.org/W3105113320","https://openalex.org/W3110281122","https://openalex.org/W3120939265","https://openalex.org/W3127056209","https://openalex.org/W3173017111","https://openalex.org/W3207996531","https://openalex.org/W4206796315","https://openalex.org/W4297687090","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4396838608","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6685812147","https://openalex.org/W6719057275","https://openalex.org/W6748003971","https://openalex.org/W6752229960","https://openalex.org/W6772740846","https://openalex.org/W6779786081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2140536630","https://openalex.org/W3195005284","https://openalex.org/W2391730868","https://openalex.org/W2143413548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hate":[0],"speech":[1,84,206],"is":[2,63,135,143,207],"demonstrably":[3],"aimed":[4],"at":[5],"social":[6],"tension":[7],"and":[8,28,37,67,85,121,137,168,187],"violence.":[9],"Detection":[10],"becomes":[11],"increasingly":[12],"difficult":[13],"as":[14],"overlapping":[15],"emotional":[16],"feelings":[17],"occur.":[18],"However,":[19],"there":[20],"are":[21,154,160],"still":[22],"several":[23],"unresolved":[24],"issues":[25],"with":[26,185],"informal":[27],"indirect":[29],"targeting":[30],"of":[31,71,82,140],"negative":[32],"communication,":[33],"including":[34],"sarcasm,":[35],"misrepresentation,":[36],"praise":[38],"for":[39,53,128,192],"the":[40,69,80,90,101,112,115,138,147,172,199],"target's":[41],"or":[42],"society's":[43],"immoral":[44],"behavior.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47,75],"study,":[48],"we":[49,77,96],"proposed":[50],"a":[51],"method":[52],"instance":[54],"selection":[55,120],"based":[56],"on":[57],"attention":[58,186],"network":[59],"visualization.":[60],"The":[61,104,118,133,150,165,182,194],"goal":[62],"to":[64,88,100,110,145,162,180,202],"categorize,":[65],"modify,":[66],"expand":[68],"number":[70,139],"training":[72,141],"instances.":[73],"To":[74],"end,":[76],"first":[78],"used":[79,97,109],"lexicons":[81],"hate":[83,205],"online":[86],"forums":[87],"train":[89,111],"embedding":[91,167],"using":[92,114],"transfer":[93],"learning.":[94],"Then,":[95],"synonym":[98],"expansion":[99,170],"semantic":[102,166],"vectors.":[103],"active":[105,130,151,188],"learning":[106,131,152,189],"approach":[107,134],"was":[108],"task":[113],"result-label":[116],"pairs.":[117],"entropy-based":[119],"visualization":[122],"techniques":[123],"help":[124],"select":[125],"unlabeled":[126,158],"text":[127],"each":[129],"cycle.":[132],"improved,":[136],"instances":[142],"increased":[144],"improve":[146,171],"model's":[148],"accuracy.":[149],"cycles":[153],"repeated":[155],"until":[156],"all":[157],"texts":[159],"converted":[161],"labeled":[163],"text.":[164],"lexicon":[169],"model":[173,196],"receiver":[174],"operating":[175],"characteristics":[176],"(ROCs)":[177],"from":[178],"0.89":[179],"0.91.":[181],"bidirectional":[183],"LSTM":[184],"achieved":[190],"0.90":[191],"precision-recall.":[193],"learned":[195],"can":[197],"visualize":[198],"position-weighted":[200],"terms":[201],"illustrate":[203],"why":[204],"classified.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
