{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226187670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233","title":"Reversible Linguistic Steganography With Bayesian Masked Language Modeling","display_name":"Reversible Linguistic Steganography With Bayesian Masked Language Modeling","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226187670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10089892/09753668.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10089892/09753668.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014271344","display_name":"Ching\u2010Chun Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7723-4591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Chun Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014271344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9395,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87236919,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"714","last_page":"723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.91338050365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7615504264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5958859920501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography-tools","display_name":"Steganography tools","score":0.5131693482398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5120880603790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4926682114601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.4773528575897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4441896677017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.4437007009983063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4245308041572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.41247886419296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3590945601463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25584810972213745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.91338050365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7615504264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5958859920501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13179402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7606662","display_name":"Steganography tools","level":4,"score":0.5131693482398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5120880603790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4926682114601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.4773528575897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4441896677017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.4437007009983063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4245308041572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.41247886419296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3590945601463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25584810972213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10089892/09753668.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2022.3162233","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570650/10089892/09753668.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4340048761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6100177302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Sk\u0142odowska","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7901872499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Marie","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327550","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335829","display_name":"Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226187670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226187670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511938396","https://openalex.org/W1516983852","https://openalex.org/W1594001530","https://openalex.org/W1750309227","https://openalex.org/W1832326700","https://openalex.org/W1974641035","https://openalex.org/W1975586457","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2006134202","https://openalex.org/W2025994941","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2096050104","https://openalex.org/W2106950225","https://openalex.org/W2112507198","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2118085659","https://openalex.org/W2124890704","https://openalex.org/W2125330192","https://openalex.org/W2126975757","https://openalex.org/W2137288380","https://openalex.org/W2138691165","https://openalex.org/W2142181334","https://openalex.org/W2147654286","https://openalex.org/W2151092698","https://openalex.org/W2157195790","https://openalex.org/W2157823837","https://openalex.org/W2159390040","https://openalex.org/W2162174114","https://openalex.org/W2169552486","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2882319491","https://openalex.org/W2893556909","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2949332170","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W3085519426","https://openalex.org/W3094904360","https://openalex.org/W3106315753","https://openalex.org/W3109254234","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4247934040","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6683232084","https://openalex.org/W6691336473","https://openalex.org/W6691643910","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560172240","https://openalex.org/W3146660591","https://openalex.org/W1995538220","https://openalex.org/W3020816551","https://openalex.org/W2338095724","https://openalex.org/W2804412098","https://openalex.org/W83713408","https://openalex.org/W2497446005","https://openalex.org/W3203504906","https://openalex.org/W2171676767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0],"authentication":[1],"serves":[2],"a":[3,22,26,41,89,100,110,123,148,165],"vital":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,56,80,122],"the":[7,45,57,63,81,85,159],"defense":[8],"of":[9,17,21,83,140,151],"digital":[10,23,42],"identity":[11],"and":[12,92,119,171,176,181],"content":[13],"against":[14],"various":[15],"types":[16],"cybercrime.":[18],"The":[19],"use":[20,109],"signature":[24,43],"is":[25,144],"common":[27],"cryptographic":[28],"technique":[29],"for":[30,104,115],"text":[31,47],"authentication.":[32],"Linguistic":[33],"steganography":[34],"can":[35,163],"be":[36],"applied":[37],"to":[38,48,65,70,77,87],"further":[39],"conceal":[40],"within":[44],"corresponding":[46],"facilitate":[49],"data":[50],"management.":[51],"However,":[52],"steganographic":[53,90,102,135,161],"distortion":[54],"lurking":[55],"text,":[58],"albeit":[59],"almost":[60],"imperceptible,":[61],"has":[62,75],"potential":[64],"cause":[66],"automatic":[67],"computing":[68],"machinery":[69],"make":[71],"biased":[72],"decisions.":[73],"This":[74],"led":[76],"an":[78,133],"interest":[79],"pursuit":[82],"reversibility,":[84],"ability":[86],"reverse":[88],"process":[91],"remove":[93],"distortion.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96],"article,":[97],"we":[98,131],"propose":[99],"reversible":[101,124],"system":[103,162],"natural":[105],"language":[106,117],"text.":[107],"We":[108],"pre-trained":[111],"transformer":[112],"neural":[113],"network":[114],"masked":[116],"modeling":[118],"embed":[120],"messages":[121],"manner":[125],"via":[126],"predictive":[127,141],"word":[128],"substitution.":[129],"Furthermore,":[130],"derive":[132],"adaptive":[134],"route":[136],"by":[137],"taking":[138],"account":[139],"uncertainty,":[142],"which":[143],"quantified":[145],"based":[146],"on":[147],"theoretical":[149],"framework":[150],"Bayesian":[152],"deep":[153],"learning.":[154],"Experimental":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"that":[158],"proposed":[160],"attain":[164],"proper":[166],"balance":[167],"between":[168,179],"capacity,":[169],"imperceptibility,":[170],"reversibility":[172],"with":[173],"close":[174],"semantic":[175],"sentimental":[177],"similarities":[178],"cover":[180],"stego":[182],"texts.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
