{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206735310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3132957","title":"Autonomic Nervous Pattern Recognition of Students\u2019 Learning States in Real Classroom Situation","display_name":"Autonomic Nervous Pattern Recognition of Students\u2019 Learning States in Real Classroom Situation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206735310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3132957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3132957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3132957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069089153","display_name":"Shi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-2947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-2947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078725634","display_name":"Zhaonian Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5502-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaonian Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371453","display_name":"Shanshan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-8403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086304104","display_name":"Xiaorou Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorou Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guangyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8068-2077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8068-2077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035864557","display_name":"Wanhui Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3528-6478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanhui Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3528-6478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing and the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest China University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5953,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64953761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"220","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7626829147338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7611526250839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5839792490005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-classifier-system","display_name":"Learning classifier system","score":0.5430914163589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5125598907470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.49915599822998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4913271963596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4567377269268036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"Multi-task learning","score":0.45382651686668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.44458454847335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4251178205013275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4211879372596741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-machine-learning","display_name":"Online machine learning","score":0.4157883822917938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3660008907318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.20334023237228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1652822196483612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.11397361755371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10410678386688232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7626829147338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7611526250839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5839792490005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199190896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509276","display_name":"Learning classifier system","level":3,"score":0.5430914163589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5125598907470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.49915599822998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4913271963596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4567377269268036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.45382651686668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.44458454847335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4251178205013275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4211879372596741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094097","display_name":"Online machine learning","level":3,"score":0.4157883822917938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3660008907318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.20334023237228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1652822196483612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.11397361755371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10410678386688232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3132957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3132957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1769402556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2047952257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33832165","https://openalex.org/W175517644","https://openalex.org/W1557433409","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W1995902329","https://openalex.org/W2025210939","https://openalex.org/W2025244431","https://openalex.org/W2050482434","https://openalex.org/W2073051707","https://openalex.org/W2096036274","https://openalex.org/W2106478809","https://openalex.org/W2116381469","https://openalex.org/W2139883023","https://openalex.org/W2145114078","https://openalex.org/W2293652414","https://openalex.org/W2317515691","https://openalex.org/W2402691380","https://openalex.org/W2408246687","https://openalex.org/W2417999172","https://openalex.org/W2474320519","https://openalex.org/W2531793044","https://openalex.org/W2534799678","https://openalex.org/W2560070550","https://openalex.org/W2578288529","https://openalex.org/W2586068811","https://openalex.org/W2610184357","https://openalex.org/W2710084815","https://openalex.org/W2782655025","https://openalex.org/W2789859202","https://openalex.org/W2792140820","https://openalex.org/W2795302640","https://openalex.org/W2890168959","https://openalex.org/W2910134385","https://openalex.org/W2910628555","https://openalex.org/W2913536959","https://openalex.org/W2920646873","https://openalex.org/W2924153446","https://openalex.org/W2936297554","https://openalex.org/W2952583617","https://openalex.org/W2965136811","https://openalex.org/W2970007912","https://openalex.org/W2972995255","https://openalex.org/W2993227128","https://openalex.org/W2995995551","https://openalex.org/W3006278787","https://openalex.org/W3012417601","https://openalex.org/W3014870144","https://openalex.org/W3016260756","https://openalex.org/W3021640131","https://openalex.org/W3022935508","https://openalex.org/W3039503982","https://openalex.org/W3084234282","https://openalex.org/W3137187975","https://openalex.org/W6823236276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3021272668","https://openalex.org/W4389428568","https://openalex.org/W1976483367","https://openalex.org/W2999976440","https://openalex.org/W2774684800","https://openalex.org/W4372260038","https://openalex.org/W4307478737","https://openalex.org/W2352079541","https://openalex.org/W140273596","https://openalex.org/W2118204198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20,72,147,172],"current":[1],"work":[2],"applied":[3],"machine":[4,152,185],"learning":[5,13,28,40,48,80,145,153,182,186],"methods":[6],"to":[7,23,132,179],"analyze":[8],"students\u2019":[9,181],"group":[10],"and":[11,32,57,63,66,69,104,128,138,169],"individual":[12],"states":[14,49,81,183],"in":[15,50,156],"the":[16,27,39,75,106,117,134,142,151,157,162],"real":[17,51],"classroom":[18,52],"environment.":[19],"purpose":[21],"is":[22,177],"provide":[24],"insights":[25],"into":[26],"process":[29,41],"for":[30,141],"teachers":[31],"students,":[33],"so":[34],"that":[35,175],"they":[36],"can":[37],"manage":[38],"effectively.":[42],"We":[43,89],"extracted":[44],"three":[45,77],"couples":[46,78],"of":[47,74,79,101,108,144,150,159,166],"learning,":[53],"i.e.,":[54],"information":[55],"input/processing":[56],"retrieval/processing":[58],"states,":[59,65],"cognitive":[60],"load":[61],"matching":[62],"mismatching":[64],"mental":[67],"fatigue":[68],"nonfatigue":[70],"states.":[71,146],"recognition":[73,143],"above":[76],"was":[82],"regarded":[83],"as":[84],"five":[85],"binary":[86,122],"classification":[87,123],"problems.":[88],"collected":[90],"electrocardiogram":[91],"(ECG)":[92],"data":[93],"from":[94,116],"45":[95],"college":[96],"students":[97],"during":[98],"their":[99],"classes":[100],"circuit":[102],"analysis":[103],"calculated":[105],"peaks":[107],"two":[109],"consecutive":[110],"R":[111],"waves":[112],"(RR)":[113],"interval":[114,126],"series":[115],"ECG":[118],"data.":[119],"For":[120],"each":[121],"problem,":[124],"RR":[125],"features":[127],"classifiers":[129,140],"were":[130,155],"compared":[131],"find":[133],"critical":[135],"feature":[136,170],"subsets":[137],"suitable":[139],"generalization":[148],"accuracies":[149],"models":[154],"range":[158],"58.41%\u201382.35%":[160],"on":[161],"validation":[163],"sets":[164],"independent":[165],"classifier":[167],"training":[168],"selection.":[171],"results":[173],"show":[174],"it":[176],"feasible":[178],"monitor":[180],"through":[184],"methods.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}