{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214262270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3096824","title":"Explainable AI in Deep Reinforcement Learning Models for Power System Emergency Control","display_name":"Explainable AI in Deep Reinforcement Learning Models for Power System Emergency Control","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214262270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3096824","mag":"3214262270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3096824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3096824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086475997","display_name":"Kelly Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-544X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007781850","display_name":"Jun Jason Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-2671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-2671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045896696","display_name":"Peidong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6326-6119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei-Dong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018951250","display_name":"Tianlu Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0625-7002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianlu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102774911","display_name":"Wenzhong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-2932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wenzhong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-2932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0991,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98267201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"419","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9343000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8812932968139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7077928185462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6836695075035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6103082895278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5343961119651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4984407424926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.4893609881401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.4824593663215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.47219645977020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4299126863479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3001168370246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2722746729850769}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8812932968139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7077928185462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6836695075035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6103082895278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5343961119651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4984407424926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.4893609881401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.4824593663215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.47219645977020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4299126863479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3001168370246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2722746729850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3096824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3096824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2490693980","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","issn_l":"2329-924X","issn":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7128836746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0101504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109964381","https://openalex.org/W2191167248","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2559108640","https://openalex.org/W2769506033","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2895144199","https://openalex.org/W2897376899","https://openalex.org/W2902900716","https://openalex.org/W2960259221","https://openalex.org/W2963374347","https://openalex.org/W2965446359","https://openalex.org/W2966492573","https://openalex.org/W2966861238","https://openalex.org/W2967589453","https://openalex.org/W2975704836","https://openalex.org/W2982215737","https://openalex.org/W2983753125","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3000157488","https://openalex.org/W3022063190","https://openalex.org/W3033672499","https://openalex.org/W3094105990","https://openalex.org/W3129402291","https://openalex.org/W3130264412","https://openalex.org/W6687413744","https://openalex.org/W6726186668","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6738898614","https://openalex.org/W6766815879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W2086338133","https://openalex.org/W2806259446","https://openalex.org/W4367679314","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4311431240","https://openalex.org/W4312407344","https://openalex.org/W4384115502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"technology":[3,66],"has":[4,26,160],"become":[5],"an":[6],"important":[7,78],"trend":[8],"to":[9,47,59,67,139,163,190],"support":[10],"the":[11,30,62,80,83,93,131,152,155,167,170,176,182,185],"analysis":[12,180],"and":[13,17,49,90,178],"control":[14,107,149],"of":[15,35,82,157,169,175,181],"complex":[16],"time-varying":[18],"power":[19,31,70,104],"systems.":[20],"Although":[21],"deep":[22,120],"reinforcement":[23],"learning":[24],"(DRL)":[25],"been":[27,161],"utilized":[28],"in":[29,92,100,103,110,184],"system":[32,71,105],"field,":[33],"most":[34],"these":[36],"DRL":[37,101,153],"models":[38,72,102],"are":[39,45],"regarded":[40],"as":[41,77,79],"black":[42],"boxes,":[43],"which":[44,128],"difficult":[46],"explain":[48,68],"cannot":[50],"be":[51],"used":[52],"on":[53,123],"occasions":[54],"when":[55],"human":[56],"operators":[57],"need":[58],"participate.":[60],"Using":[61],"explainable":[63],"AI":[64],"(XAI)":[65],"why":[69],"make":[73],"certain":[74],"decisions":[75,84],"is":[76,108,117,129,137,188],"accuracy":[81],"themselves":[85],"because":[86],"it":[87],"ensures":[88],"trust":[89],"transparency":[91],"model":[94,144,187],"decision-making":[95],"process.":[96],"The":[97,113,134],"interpretability":[98,191],"issue":[99],"emergency":[106,148],"discussed":[109],"this":[111],"article.":[112],"proposed":[114],"interpretable":[115,143],"method":[116,136],"a":[118,141,146],"backpropagation":[119],"explainer":[121],"based":[122],"Shapley":[124],"additive":[125],"explanations":[126],"(SHAPs),":[127],"named":[130],"Deep-SHAP":[132,135],"method.":[133],"adopted":[138],"provide":[140],"reasonable":[142],"for":[145,166,193],"DRL-based":[147],"application.":[150],"For":[151],"model,":[154],"importance":[156],"input":[158],"features":[159],"quantified":[162],"obtain":[164],"contributions":[165],"outcome":[168],"model.":[171],"Further,":[172],"feature":[173],"classification":[174],"inputs":[177],"probabilistic":[179],"outputs":[183],"XAI":[186],"added":[189],"results":[192],"better":[194],"clarity.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}