{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413017445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3596228","title":"BETA: A Bit-Grained Transformer Attention Accelerator With Efficient Early Termination","display_name":"BETA: A Bit-Grained Transformer Attention Accelerator With Efficient Early Termination","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413017445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3596228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2025.3596228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3596228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089405414","display_name":"Huizheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-8208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huizheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-8208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332098","display_name":"Hongbin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008515017","display_name":"Zhiheng Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-3478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiheng Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-3478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108086414","display_name":"Jingyao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6009-4232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Taiquan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taiquan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-7920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036023084","display_name":"Shaojun Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-4395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-4395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shouyi Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-572X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouyi Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-572X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7773,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90516057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"10","first_page":"1433","last_page":"1437"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit","display_name":"Bit (key)","score":0.5031437277793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta","display_name":"BETA (programming language)","score":0.48833510279655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.444553941488266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18907514214515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12107154726982117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117011727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278488","display_name":"Bit (key)","level":2,"score":0.5031437277793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830842","display_name":"BETA (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.48833510279655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.444553941488266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18907514214515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12107154726982117}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2025.3596228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3596228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1187591493","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0115200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G338081660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62125403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4967090155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0115201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5227578763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92464302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7234679820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92164301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8200624584","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24B20164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042519306","https://openalex.org/W3017024317","https://openalex.org/W3159727696","https://openalex.org/W3189877953","https://openalex.org/W3205192296","https://openalex.org/W3206453033","https://openalex.org/W4214686755","https://openalex.org/W4221055872","https://openalex.org/W4224267386","https://openalex.org/W4377115595","https://openalex.org/W4380881077","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4389977189","https://openalex.org/W4391494845","https://openalex.org/W4402716409","https://openalex.org/W4404133659","https://openalex.org/W4404954358","https://openalex.org/W4411171608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4327546585","https://openalex.org/W2411923897","https://openalex.org/W4394546135","https://openalex.org/W4285347720","https://openalex.org/W4200259850","https://openalex.org/W2333831899","https://openalex.org/W2484894494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention-based":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2,9],"models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"have":[5],"revolutionized":[6],"the":[7,16,36,85,106,134,156],"natural":[8],"processing":[10],"(NLP).":[11],"Despite":[12],"their":[13,48],"impressive":[14],"effectiveness,":[15],"quadratic":[17],"complexity":[18,136],"of":[19],"self-attention":[20],"incurs":[21],"heavy":[22],"computational":[23],"and":[24,78,92,162],"memory":[25,45,81],"burdens.":[26],"Dynamic":[27],"sparse":[28,65],"attention":[29],"techniques":[30],"emerge":[31],"as":[32],"a":[33,59,68,111],"solution,":[34],"however,":[35],"introduced":[37],"extra":[38],"prediction":[39,73,87,108],"stage,":[40],"coupled":[41],"with":[42,105],"costly":[43],"data":[44],"access,":[46],"diminishes":[47],"hardware":[49,121],"efficiency.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"these":[53],"limitations,":[54],"this":[55],"brief":[56],"proposes":[57],"BETA,":[58],"fine-grained":[60],"algorithm-architecture":[61],"co-design":[62],"tailored":[63],"for":[64],"attention.":[66],"First,":[67],"bit-grained":[69],"multi-round":[70],"filter":[71],"(BMF)":[72],"is":[74,99,117,130],"proposed":[75],"to":[76,101,119,132],"unveil":[77],"eliminate":[79],"redundant":[80],"access":[82],"hidden":[83],"in":[84,103,152],"sparsity":[86],"stage.":[88],"Second,":[89],"an":[90,127],"adaptive":[91],"lightweight":[93],"max-based":[94],"threshold":[95],"selection":[96],"(MTS)":[97],"strategy":[98],"developed":[100],"work":[102],"concert":[104],"bit-wise":[107,112,124],"process.":[109],"Third,":[110],"out-of-order":[113],"execution":[114],"(BOOE)":[115],"scheme":[116],"employed":[118],"enhance":[120],"utilization":[122],"during":[123],"prediction.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"elaborate":[128],"architecture":[129],"designed":[131],"translate":[133],"theoretical":[135],"reduction":[137],"into":[138],"practical":[139],"performance":[140],"improvement.":[141],"Implementation":[142],"results":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"that":[145],"BETA":[146],"achieves":[147],"5.4\u00d7,":[148],"6.5\u00d7,":[149],"1.8\u00d7":[150],"improvements":[151],"energy":[153],"efficiency":[154],"than":[155],"state-of-the-art":[157],"Transformer":[158],"accelerators":[159],"Sanger,":[160],"Spatten":[161],"SOFA,":[163],"respectively,":[164],"while":[165],"maintaining":[166],"comparable":[167],"inference":[168],"accuracy.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
