{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412871379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3590432","title":"A Hybrid CAM-SRAM Processing-in-Memory Architecture With Feature Level Sparsity for Attention Mechanisms","display_name":"A Hybrid CAM-SRAM Processing-in-Memory Architecture With Feature Level Sparsity for Attention Mechanisms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412871379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3590432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2025.3590432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3590432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008630842","display_name":"Haiqiu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1543-3901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haiqiu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350118","display_name":"Mingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-8870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015855803","display_name":"Xiaojie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3903-9686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041694287","display_name":"Baiqing Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baiqing Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103559608","display_name":"Zeqi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8875-5091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeqi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100583372","display_name":"Tao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5590-4604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077508723","display_name":"Yicong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4579-288X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yicong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017560036","display_name":"Zhiyi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8802-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008630842"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17416956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"9","first_page":"1283","last_page":"1287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.6500920057296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6291987299919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6035603880882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5827922821044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.513978898525238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3290579319000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.31690579652786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.28806501626968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.07103666663169861}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.6500920057296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6291987299919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6035603880882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5827922821044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.513978898525238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3290579319000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31690579652786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.28806501626968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.07103666663169861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2025.3590432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3590432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3040571651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62204271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6871751676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92373103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G691677441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62334014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062143991","https://openalex.org/W2613569094","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2976137532","https://openalex.org/W3017024317","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3159727696","https://openalex.org/W3185889905","https://openalex.org/W3206453033","https://openalex.org/W4221086307","https://openalex.org/W4283811336","https://openalex.org/W4293023328","https://openalex.org/W4295838474","https://openalex.org/W4313467238","https://openalex.org/W4360606782","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4388283449","https://openalex.org/W4388642337","https://openalex.org/W4399768582","https://openalex.org/W4404954358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392590355","https://openalex.org/W3151633427","https://openalex.org/W2212894501","https://openalex.org/W1979375376","https://openalex.org/W2793465010","https://openalex.org/W3024050170","https://openalex.org/W1976168335","https://openalex.org/W2109451123","https://openalex.org/W4378977321","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"attention":[1,69],"mechanism":[2,35],"has":[3],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"popular":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,11,19,44,124,172],"its":[9],"ability":[10],"capture":[12],"complex":[13],"dependencies,":[14],"enabling":[15],"models":[16,26],"like":[17],"transformers":[18],"achieve":[20,92],"remarkable":[21],"performance":[22,178],"in":[23,68,108,120,153],"large":[24,55],"language":[25],"(LLMs),":[27],"computer":[28],"vision,":[29],"and":[30,48,65,83,131,182],"other":[31],"domains.":[32],"However,":[33],"the":[34,80,102,109,126,133,140,146,194],"faces":[36],"challenges":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39],"low":[40],"arithmetic":[41],"intensity,":[42],"leading":[43],"frequent":[45],"data":[46,63],"movement,":[47],"long":[49],"sequence":[50],"lengths,":[51],"which":[52],"introduce":[53],"a":[54,73,177,183],"amount":[56],"of":[57,86,104,128,135,179,186],"redundant":[58],"information.":[59],"To":[60],"mitigate":[61],"both":[62],"movement":[64],"computational":[66],"overhead":[67],"mechanisms,":[70],"we":[71,91],"propose":[72],"hybrid":[74],"CAM-SRAM":[75],"processing-in-memory":[76],"architecture.":[77],"By":[78],"leveraging":[79],"parallel":[81],"search":[82],"sort":[84],"capabilities":[85],"content-addressable":[87],"memory":[88],"(CAM)":[89],"arrays,":[90],"dynamic":[93],"fine-grained":[94],"sparsification":[95,158],"on":[96,193],"features":[97],"with":[98,164],"varying":[99],"variance,":[100],"reducing":[101],"number":[103,127],"multiply-accumulate":[105],"(MAC)":[106],"operations":[107],"matrix":[110],"multiplication":[111],"(MatMul).":[112],"Furthermore,":[113],"an":[114,165],"approximate":[115],"booth":[116],"encoding":[117],"is":[118],"employed":[119],"our":[121,156,174],"MAC":[122],"unit":[123],"reduce":[125],"partial":[129],"products":[130],"maintain":[132],"consistency":[134],"their":[136],"signs.":[137],"This":[138],"eliminates":[139],"need":[141],"for":[142],"negation":[143],"operations,":[144],"simplifying":[145],"logic":[147],"design.":[148],"Experimental":[149],"results":[150],"show":[151],"that,":[152],"different":[154],"configurations,":[155],"feature-level":[157],"scheme":[159],"achieves":[160,176],"over":[161],"80%":[162],"sparsity":[163,170],"acceptable":[166],"accuracy":[167],"drop.":[168],"With":[169],"up":[171],"80%,":[173],"design":[175],"0.252-1.26":[180],"TOPS":[181],"power":[184],"efficiency":[185],"4.71-21.72":[187],"TOPS/W,":[188],"operating":[189],"at":[190],"1000":[191],"MHz":[192],"TSMC":[195],"40nm":[196],"process.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
