{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411639894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3583042","title":"Smart Watchdog for RISC-V: A Novel Spiking Neural Network Approach to Fault Detection","display_name":"Smart Watchdog for RISC-V: A Novel Spiking Neural Network Approach to Fault Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411639894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3583042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2025.3583042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3583042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/ef187a95-d4fc-410b-8298-5a6268b1d48a","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000411560","display_name":"David Simpson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Simpson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2597-3152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059141312","display_name":"Jim Harkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7484-8205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Harkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7484-8205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046511666","display_name":"Malachy McElholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-2948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malachy McElholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035500696","display_name":"Liam McDaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-4375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liam McDaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Intelligent Systems, School of Computing, Ulster University, Derry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64183436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"12","first_page":"1877","last_page":"1881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6311585903167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5502406358718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5212867259979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.520132839679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.4836498498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41285955905914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3279165029525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29524439573287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0616377592086792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6311585903167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5502406358718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5212867259979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.520132839679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.4836498498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41285955905914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3279165029525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29524439573287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0616377592086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2025.3583042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2025.3583042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/ef187a95-d4fc-410b-8298-5a6268b1d48a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/ef187a95-d4fc-410b-8298-5a6268b1d48a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Simpson, D, Harkin, J, McElholm, M & McDaid, L 2025, 'Smart Watchdog for RISC-V: A Novel Spiking Neural Network Approach to Fault Detection', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 72, no. 12, pp. 1877-1881. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3583042","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/ef187a95-d4fc-410b-8298-5a6268b1d48a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/ef187a95-d4fc-410b-8298-5a6268b1d48a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Simpson, D, Harkin, J, McElholm, M & McDaid, L 2025, 'Smart Watchdog for RISC-V: A Novel Spiking Neural Network Approach to Fault Detection', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 72, no. 12, pp. 1877-1881. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3583042","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316531","display_name":"Department for the Economy","ror":"https://ror.org/0161w0r98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126544799","https://openalex.org/W3104333581","https://openalex.org/W2542565870","https://openalex.org/W3111828357","https://openalex.org/W3018398156","https://openalex.org/W2920832517","https://openalex.org/W4388827557","https://openalex.org/W4387877594","https://openalex.org/W4285676431","https://openalex.org/W4377969828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Watchdog":[0],"mechanisms":[1],"must":[2],"detect":[3],"permanent":[4],"and":[5,11,49,121,128],"transient":[6],"faults":[7,87],"with":[8,111],"minimal":[9],"power":[10],"area":[12],"overheads,":[13],"but":[14],"their":[15],"own":[16],"reliability":[17],"is":[18,56],"vital,":[19],"as":[20],"failures":[21],"can":[22],"jeopardize":[23],"system":[24],"integrity.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"introduces":[28],"a":[29,72,112,135],"novel":[30],"smart":[31,54,103],"watchdog":[32,55],"paradigm":[33],"based":[34],"on":[35],"spiking":[36],"neural":[37],"networks":[38],"(SNNs),":[39],"where":[40],"SNNs":[41],"have":[42],"previously":[43],"been":[44],"demonstrated":[45],"to":[46,58],"offer":[47],"low-power":[48],"area-efficient":[50],"solutions.":[51],"The":[52],"proposed":[53],"trained":[57],"monitor":[59],"control":[60,119],"flow":[61,120],"at":[62],"the":[63,80,92,102,125,131],"execute":[64],"stage":[65],"of":[66,76,79,134],"an":[67],"example":[68],"RISC-V":[69,93,113,126],"processor,":[70],"achieving":[71],"high":[73],"fault":[74,106],"coverage":[75],"98%,":[77],"independent":[78],"software":[81],"application":[82],"executed.":[83],"Notably,":[84],"it":[85],"detects":[86],"that":[88],"go":[89],"unnoticed":[90],"by":[91],"processors":[94],"existing":[95],"trap":[96],"handler.":[97],"An":[98,115],"FPGA-based":[99],"implementation":[100,133],"validates":[101],"watchdogs":[104],"in-circuit":[105],"detection":[107],"capabilities":[108],"when":[109],"integrated":[110],"processor.":[114],"extended":[116],"discussion":[117],"explores":[118],"feature":[122],"extraction":[123],"in":[124],"architecture,":[127],"also":[129],"evaluates":[130],"practical":[132],"SNN-based":[136],"approach.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-27T01:12:40.094763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
