{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312723194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3213728","title":"Pareto Frequency-Aware Power Side-Channel Countermeasure Exploration on CNN Systolic Array","display_name":"Pareto Frequency-Aware Power Side-Channel Countermeasure Exploration on CNN Systolic Array","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312723194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3213728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2022.3213728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3213728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103016903","display_name":"Lu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-1119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-1119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032733333","display_name":"Dejun Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-0861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dejun Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-0861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005373227","display_name":"Yuxuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-8781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-8781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013493174","display_name":"Jingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7160-4165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7160-4165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101585745","display_name":"Yifan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9171-3502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046057730","display_name":"Yaolei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6640-1275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaolei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6640-1275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067006929","display_name":"Lizhou Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-6787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhou Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-6787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031365461","display_name":"Kaiwei Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5319-3665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiwei Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045721867","display_name":"Yongpan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-2309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongpan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-2309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72214713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"3","first_page":"1124","last_page":"1128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.7581491470336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6403347849845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6392230987548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6337959170341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-principle","display_name":"Pareto principle","score":0.592566192150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handshake","display_name":"Handshake","score":0.5677493810653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5192761421203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-analysis","display_name":"Power analysis","score":0.5069413781166077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4712693393230438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4051154553890228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34699559211730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2567753791809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.24429258704185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.21349629759788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20048782229423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17508044838905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15201157331466675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.7581491470336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6403347849845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6392230987548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6337959170341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.592566192150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830043","display_name":"Handshake","level":3,"score":0.5677493810653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5192761421203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71743495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845210","display_name":"Power analysis","level":3,"score":0.5069413781166077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4712693393230438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4051154553890228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34699559211730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2567753791809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.24429258704185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.21349629759788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20048782229423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17508044838905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15201157331466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2022.3213728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3213728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1076488631","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2422588241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272389","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4304253898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB3200903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5582252795","display_name":"\u65b0\u539f\u7406\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4ef6\u7684\u5b58\u5185\u8ba1\u7b97\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61934005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7854610454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L211005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096434182","https://openalex.org/W2134012643","https://openalex.org/W2134620466","https://openalex.org/W2141841663","https://openalex.org/W2160055399","https://openalex.org/W2799920367","https://openalex.org/W2900861686","https://openalex.org/W3092516112","https://openalex.org/W3093818042","https://openalex.org/W3109014748","https://openalex.org/W3114482311","https://openalex.org/W3151798437","https://openalex.org/W3202625019","https://openalex.org/W4213079856","https://openalex.org/W4220803194","https://openalex.org/W4242164861","https://openalex.org/W4246001895","https://openalex.org/W4285110201","https://openalex.org/W4293077562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085262413","https://openalex.org/W5280335","https://openalex.org/W4292152333","https://openalex.org/W3010323642","https://openalex.org/W4384807855","https://openalex.org/W2164725015","https://openalex.org/W4323926098","https://openalex.org/W2121017442","https://openalex.org/W2022533428","https://openalex.org/W182679101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"Network":[1],"(NN)":[2],"accelerators":[3],"are":[4,23],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7],"many":[8],"scenarios,":[9],"including":[10],"computer":[11],"vision,":[12],"speech":[13],"recognition,":[14],"automatic":[15],"driving,":[16],"etc.":[17],"The":[18,103],"trained":[19],"weights":[20],"of":[21,100],"NNs":[22],"considered":[24],"confidential":[25],"properties":[26],"due":[27],"to":[28,74,87],"their":[29],"commercial":[30],"value,":[31],"thus":[32,117],"becoming":[33],"the":[34,68,76,98,108,135,141],"potential":[35],"targets":[36],"for":[37,51],"hardware":[38],"reverse-engineering":[39,60],"intruders.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"brief,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"a":[46,83],"low-cost,":[47],"high-security,":[48],"easy-to-deploy":[49],"countermeasure":[50,66,110],"convolutional":[52],"neural":[53],"network":[54],"(CNN)":[55],"systolic":[56],"array":[57],"against":[58],"weight":[59],"through":[61],"power":[62,77,128],"side":[63,78],"channels.":[64,79],"This":[65],"utilizes":[67],"clock":[69],"frequency-switching":[70],"and":[71,94],"phase-shifting":[72],"techniques":[73],"mitigate":[75],"We":[80],"further":[81],"make":[82],"design":[84],"space":[85],"exploration":[86],"trade-off":[88],"between":[89],"Side-Channel":[90],"Analysis":[91],"(SCA)":[92],"security":[93],"performance":[95],"by":[96],"leveraging":[97],"non-ideality":[99],"CMOS":[101],"device.":[102],"experimental":[104],"results":[105],"show":[106],"that":[107],"proposed":[109],"achieves":[111],"an":[112],"81.6%":[113],"absolute":[114],"correlation":[115],"reduction,":[116],"incurring":[118],"more":[119],"than":[120],"<inline-formula":[121],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[122],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[123],"<tex-math":[124],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$100\\times":[125],"$":[126],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[127],"trace":[129],"consumption":[130],"(more":[131],"secure)":[132],"while":[133],"maintaining":[134],"MAC":[136],"(multiply-and-accumulate)":[137],"blocks":[138],"work":[139],"at":[140],"Pareto-optimal":[142],"frequencies":[143],"(Pareto":[144],"faster).":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
