{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293219608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3170537","title":"A 900MHz GFSK and 16-FSK TX Achieving Up to 63.9% TX Efficiency and 76.2% PA Efficiency via a DC-DC-Powered Class-D VCO and a Class-E PA","display_name":"A 900MHz GFSK and 16-FSK TX Achieving Up to 63.9% TX Efficiency and 76.2% PA Efficiency via a DC-DC-Powered Class-D VCO and a Class-E PA","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293219608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3170537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2022.3170537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3170537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072171617","display_name":"Ali Nikoofard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-1552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Nikoofard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-1552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044161396","display_name":"Patrick P. Mercier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick P. Mercier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-5076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2977,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48663352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"9","first_page":"3739","last_page":"3743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-shift-keying","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","score":0.874081015586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.8120309114456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.591886579990387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5353757739067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.5136820673942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4611940383911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44034940004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3584085702896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3341371417045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30274248123168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.25034552812576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.21237444877624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17111313343048096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.874081015586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.8120309114456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.591886579990387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5353757739067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.5136820673942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4611940383911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44034940004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3584085702896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3341371417045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30274248123168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.25034552812576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.21237444877624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17111313343048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2022.3170537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3170537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055978681","https://openalex.org/W2105175219","https://openalex.org/W2110210553","https://openalex.org/W2159521384","https://openalex.org/W2177419178","https://openalex.org/W2288916518","https://openalex.org/W2407917029","https://openalex.org/W2503156638","https://openalex.org/W2530610040","https://openalex.org/W2790882957","https://openalex.org/W2791247297","https://openalex.org/W2791379208","https://openalex.org/W2897883690","https://openalex.org/W2920664344","https://openalex.org/W2972420192","https://openalex.org/W3017773612","https://openalex.org/W3020124187","https://openalex.org/W3046062028","https://openalex.org/W3092389000","https://openalex.org/W3119934190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070109416","https://openalex.org/W1523213765","https://openalex.org/W2388316590","https://openalex.org/W4388486464","https://openalex.org/W2976219355","https://openalex.org/W2089131288","https://openalex.org/W1600405202","https://openalex.org/W1486070987","https://openalex.org/W2077138599","https://openalex.org/W3064661991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"brief":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,28,32,54,85,108],"highly":[4],"efficient":[5],"transmitter":[6],"capable":[7,119],"of":[8,64,77,120],"radiating":[9],"GFSK":[10],"and":[11,31,57,81,113],"16-FSK":[12],"modulated":[13],"signals":[14,60],"in":[15,103],"the":[16,39,47,62,65,78,91,94],"900MHz":[17],"ISM":[18],"band.":[19],"Multiple":[20],"low":[21],"power":[22],"techniques":[23],"are":[24],"exploited":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"class-D":[29],"VCO":[30,48],"class-E":[33],"single":[34],"stage":[35],"PA":[36,111],"to":[37,53,61,84,123,125],"enhance":[38],"TX":[40,115],"efficiency.":[41],"Using":[42],"an":[43],"on-chip":[44],"DC-DC":[45,95],"converter,":[46],"can":[49],"operate":[50],"with":[51],"down":[52],"250mV":[55],"supply":[56],"generate":[58],"750mV":[59],"input":[63],"PA.":[66],"A":[67],"phased":[68],"locked":[69,83],"loop":[70],"(PLL)":[71],"is":[72,82],"implemented":[73],"for":[74,93],"rapid":[75],"calibration":[76],"LO":[79],"frequency":[80],"2MHz":[86],"crystal,":[87],"which":[88],"also":[89],"provides":[90],"clock":[92],"converter.":[96],"The":[97],"fabricated":[98],"integrated":[99],"circuit":[100],"occupies":[101],"1mm2area":[102],"65nm":[104],"LP":[105],"CMOS,":[106],"achieves":[107],"peak":[109],"76.2%":[110],"efficiency":[112],"63.9%":[114],"efficiency,":[116],"while":[117],"being":[118],"delivering":[121],"up":[122],"3dBm":[124],"a$50\\Omega":[126],"$antenna.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}