{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210505216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3148228","title":"An Area-Efficient FPGA Implementation of a Real-Time Multi-Class Classifier for Binary Images","display_name":"An Area-Efficient FPGA Implementation of a Real-Time Multi-Class Classifier for Binary Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210505216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3148228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2022.3148228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3148228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048860022","display_name":"Narges Attarmoghaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narges Attarmoghaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-8648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011071752","display_name":"Kin Fun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7950-1577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kin Fun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7950-1577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7618,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85539994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"4","first_page":"2306","last_page":"2310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7890231013298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.7163947820663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6778364777565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.64893639087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6171647906303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.613457977771759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6095786094665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5658095479011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.558262288570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5117244720458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.44842272996902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4366837441921234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.42699533700942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.41860708594322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.35796046257019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35684317350387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1818837821483612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.11641934514045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08369618654251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07309603691101074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7890231013298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.7163947820663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6778364777565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.64893639087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6171647906303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.613457977771759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6095786094665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5658095479011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.558262288570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5117244720458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.44842272996902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4366837441921234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.42699533700942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.41860708594322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.35796046257019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35684317350387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1818837821483612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.11641934514045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08369618654251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07309603691101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2022.3148228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2022.3148228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W1971212236","https://openalex.org/W1992914425","https://openalex.org/W2016215417","https://openalex.org/W2022828267","https://openalex.org/W2040970380","https://openalex.org/W2074091263","https://openalex.org/W2091608526","https://openalex.org/W2092377008","https://openalex.org/W2109330262","https://openalex.org/W2117015848","https://openalex.org/W2126326837","https://openalex.org/W2134992020","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2783044936","https://openalex.org/W2903468430","https://openalex.org/W2997106510","https://openalex.org/W3004757684","https://openalex.org/W3013082411","https://openalex.org/W3044527724","https://openalex.org/W3065678162","https://openalex.org/W4301751855","https://openalex.org/W4312326823","https://openalex.org/W6634343353","https://openalex.org/W6748174754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020430625","https://openalex.org/W2044065526","https://openalex.org/W2955952267","https://openalex.org/W2076436625","https://openalex.org/W2058306460","https://openalex.org/W2083564146","https://openalex.org/W2542672976","https://openalex.org/W2049095871","https://openalex.org/W2148428954","https://openalex.org/W1956990547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developing":[0],"image":[1,22],"classification":[2,99,110],"modules":[3],"in":[4],"embedded":[5],"systems":[6],"is":[7,31,42,79],"a":[8,20,90],"complex":[9],"task":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,48,52,67,83,89],"the":[13,39,49,69,77,98,113],"limited":[14],"resources":[15],"available.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"brief,":[19],"multi-class":[21],"classifier":[23,30],"using":[24,112],"HOG":[25,50,60,78],"feature":[26,70],"extractor":[27],"and":[28,56],"SVM":[29],"proposed":[32,40],"for":[33],"binary":[34,65],"images.":[35],"The":[36],"novelty":[37],"of":[38,46,76],"system":[41,95],"applying":[43],"two":[44],"steps":[45],"binarization":[47,82],"technique":[51],"improve":[53],"processing":[54],"speed":[55],"area":[57],"efficiency.":[58],"First,":[59],"features":[61],"are":[62],"extracted":[63],"from":[64],"images":[66],"simplify":[68],"extraction":[71],"process.":[72],"Second,":[73],"block":[74],"normalization":[75],"replaced":[80],"with":[81,106],"reduce":[84],"hardware":[85,104],"resource":[86],"utilization.":[87],"Compared":[88],"similar":[91],"existing":[92],"work,":[93],"our":[94],"speeds":[96],"up":[97],"process":[100],"while":[101],"utilizing":[102],"fewer":[103],"resources,":[105],"an":[107],"11.4%":[108],"higher":[109],"accuracy":[111],"same":[114],"setting.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
