{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216833395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3131316","title":"Integrating Reinforcement Learning and Optimal Power Dispatch to Enhance Power Grid Resilience","display_name":"Integrating Reinforcement Learning and Optimal Power Dispatch to Enhance Power Grid Resilience","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216833395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3131316","mag":"3216833395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3131316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3131316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101607289","display_name":"Qingming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-4345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430806","display_name":"Xi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-3292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038274634","display_name":"Jianbo Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-1757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbo Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Power System Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Power System Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039970875","display_name":"Xiwen Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5690-3495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiwen Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105972186","display_name":"Zuowei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-231X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuowei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332655","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1166-9482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021923917","display_name":"Chi K. Tse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi K. Tse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101607289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95931019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"3","first_page":"1402","last_page":"1406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6912285089492798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6854246854782104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6220096349716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5764970183372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.552794337272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5420916676521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4941008388996124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4857099950313568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4796229302883148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.44045329093933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4395093619823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4109790623188019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.40939927101135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38393113017082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22751325368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1293366551399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10012814402580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09939548373222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.0802222490310669}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6912285089492798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6854246854782104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6220096349716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5764970183372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.552794337272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5420916676521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4941008388996124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4857099950313568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4796229302883148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.44045329093933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4395093619823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4109790623188019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.40939927101135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38393113017082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22751325368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1293366551399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10012814402580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09939548373222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0802222490310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3131316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3131316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5955373115","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327514","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2312682434","https://openalex.org/W2613358715","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2794998479","https://openalex.org/W2801438158","https://openalex.org/W2897660303","https://openalex.org/W2898479617","https://openalex.org/W2913490916","https://openalex.org/W2915350869","https://openalex.org/W2917783100","https://openalex.org/W2969674524","https://openalex.org/W3016291878","https://openalex.org/W3048637452","https://openalex.org/W3091652729","https://openalex.org/W3107095369","https://openalex.org/W3177253471","https://openalex.org/W3184824629","https://openalex.org/W4214717370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2086397253","https://openalex.org/W2586732548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"grids":[1],"are":[2],"vulnerable":[3],"to":[4,17,26,31,54,62,94,112,138],"extreme":[5,145],"events":[6],"that":[7,127],"may":[8],"cause":[9],"the":[10,33,56,63,66,73,81,96,105,114,133,141],"failure":[11],"of":[12,23,45,59,77,85,99,117],"multiple":[13],"components":[14,102],"and":[15,49,80,103,136],"lead":[16],"severe":[18],"power":[19,34,87,118,142],"outages.":[20],"It":[21],"is":[22,92,110],"practical":[24],"importance":[25],"design":[27],"effective":[28],"restoration":[29,47,75,83],"strategies":[30],"enhance":[32],"grid":[35,143],"resilience.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"brief,":[39],"we":[40],"consider":[41],"different":[42],"time":[43],"scales":[44],"various":[46],"methods":[48],"propose":[50],"an":[51],"integrated":[52],"strategy":[53,70],"maximize":[55],"total":[57],"amount":[58,116],"electricity":[60],"supplied":[61],"loads":[64],"in":[65],"recovery":[67],"process.":[68],"The":[69,89],"properly":[71],"combines":[72],"slow":[74],"method":[76,84,130],"component":[78],"repair":[79],"fast":[82],"optimal":[86],"dispatch.":[88],"Q-learning":[90],"algorithm":[91],"used":[93,111],"generate":[95],"sequential":[97],"order":[98],"repairing":[100],"damaged":[101],"update":[104],"network":[106,122],"topology.":[107,123],"Linear":[108],"optimization":[109],"obtain":[113],"largest":[115],"supply":[119],"on":[120],"given":[121],"Simulation":[124],"results":[125],"show":[126],"our":[128],"proposed":[129],"can":[131],"coordinate":[132],"available":[134],"resources":[135],"manpower":[137],"effectively":[139],"restore":[140],"after":[144],"events.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
