{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212801023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3125407","title":"Hardware-Efficient Beamspace Direction-of-Arrival Estimator for Unequal-Sized Subarrays","display_name":"Hardware-Efficient Beamspace Direction-of-Arrival Estimator for Unequal-Sized Subarrays","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212801023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3125407","mag":"3212801023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3125407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3125407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053834265","display_name":"Ziyu Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-1398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100703677","display_name":"Weizhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-6649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382658","display_name":"Xiaodong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-9240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115590332","display_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053834265"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2723,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97025105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"3","first_page":"1044","last_page":"1048"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.7755204439163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6754213571548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5933644771575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.5283057689666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5155293941497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.4529035985469818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.4452534317970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4232589602470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4164457321166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3242993652820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2435971200466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13634422421455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07957279682159424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.7755204439163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6754213571548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5933644771575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5283057689666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5155293941497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4529035985469818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.4452534317970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4232589602470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4164457321166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3242993652820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2435971200466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13634422421455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07957279682159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3125407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3125407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4339838475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4596533236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61525401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6554819561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-01-07-00-07-E00026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321881","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G732932783","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M670994","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321881","display_name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05tewj457"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577417930","https://openalex.org/W1597039912","https://openalex.org/W2002347603","https://openalex.org/W2072814239","https://openalex.org/W2089338512","https://openalex.org/W2093637157","https://openalex.org/W2100236515","https://openalex.org/W2141904749","https://openalex.org/W2500242952","https://openalex.org/W2759529277","https://openalex.org/W2792494591","https://openalex.org/W2940761300","https://openalex.org/W3008933927","https://openalex.org/W3014958547","https://openalex.org/W3015372146","https://openalex.org/W3025689106","https://openalex.org/W3026429681","https://openalex.org/W3090361395","https://openalex.org/W3135089279","https://openalex.org/W3166920233","https://openalex.org/W3183047124","https://openalex.org/W6635840982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134293600","https://openalex.org/W2363346776","https://openalex.org/W1502194460","https://openalex.org/W2172110403","https://openalex.org/W4376608380","https://openalex.org/W4380894509","https://openalex.org/W2517787832","https://openalex.org/W2130116177","https://openalex.org/W2074954788","https://openalex.org/W4316658506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"antenna":[1],"array":[2],"consisting":[3],"of":[4,97,120,130,139],"analog":[5],"subarrays":[6,43],"has":[7,31,44],"been":[8,45],"widely":[9],"used":[10],"for":[11,47,81,90],"beamforming":[12],"in":[13,113],"millimeter-wave":[14],"communication":[15],"systems.":[16],"Due":[17],"to":[18,28,32],"the":[19,36,55,59,63,85,95],"hybrid":[20],"structure,":[21],"direction-of-arrival":[22],"(DoA)":[23],"estimation,":[24],"which":[25],"is":[26,88,99,111],"essential":[27],"beam":[29],"adjustment,":[30],"be":[33,66],"performed":[34],"at":[35,62],"beamspace.":[37],"In":[38,68],"our":[39],"previous":[40],"work,":[41],"unequal-sized":[42,82],"proposed":[46,86,108],"beamspace":[48,64,77],"DoA":[49,60,78],"estimation":[50],"because":[51],"it":[52],"can":[53],"resolve":[54],"ambiguity":[56],"problem,":[57],"i.e.,":[58],"estimate":[61],"may":[65],"non-unique.":[67],"this":[69],"brief,":[70],"we":[71],"develop":[72],"and":[73,135],"implement":[74],"a":[75,117,127,136],"hardware-efficient":[76],"estimator":[79],"dedicated":[80],"subarrays.":[83],"Specifically,":[84],"algorithm":[87],"tailored":[89],"hardware":[91,109,128],"implementation":[92],"such":[93],"that":[94],"number":[96],"multiplications":[98],"reduced":[100],"by":[101],"75%":[102],"without":[103],"significant":[104],"performance":[105],"loss.":[106],"The":[107],"architecture":[110],"layouted":[112],"28-nm":[114],"technology":[115],"with":[116],"core":[118],"area":[119],"0.09":[121],"mm":[122],"<sup":[123],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[124],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[125],",":[126],"complexity":[129],"132":[131],"kilogate":[132],"equivalents":[133],"(kGE),":[134],"clock":[137],"frequency":[138],"2.17":[140],"GHz.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
