{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166123409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3088857","title":"A Time-Domain Binary CNN Engine With Error-Detection-Based Resilience in 28nm CMOS","display_name":"A Time-Domain Binary CNN Engine With Error-Detection-Based Resilience in 28nm CMOS","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166123409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3088857","mag":"3166123409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3088857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3088857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062180403","display_name":"Zhikuang Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-3849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhikuang Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-3849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050665191","display_name":"Boyang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1003-4960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1003-4960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102777227","display_name":"Yuxuan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-9756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004171738","display_name":"Xinchao Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2645-9912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinchao Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2645-9912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057291086","display_name":"Weiwei Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-1326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-1326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC System Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61661531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"9","first_page":"3177","last_page":"3181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8133509159088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7395216226577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5985965728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5067864060401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4800732731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4612705707550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4529208540916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4272051155567169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.4198240041732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3809177279472351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3729988932609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20412832498550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1663704216480255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13935932517051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09818407893180847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8133509159088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7395216226577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5985965728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5067864060401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4800732731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4612705707550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4529208540916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4272051155567169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4198240041732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3809177279472351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3729988932609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20412832498550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1663704216480255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13935932517051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09818407893180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3088857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3088857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1802234877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20200002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2288518288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61774038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G914060618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62074035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2405920868","https://openalex.org/W2745228312","https://openalex.org/W2808976322","https://openalex.org/W2922382511","https://openalex.org/W3094272606","https://openalex.org/W3117263620","https://openalex.org/W4295262505","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6714058667","https://openalex.org/W6788303363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W2733410219","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W4388700941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,109],"the":[2,82,137,157,160,176],"increasing":[3,189],"demand":[4],"of":[5,159,182,190],"high":[6],"energy-efficient":[7,58],"processor":[8],"for":[9,36,66,102],"deep":[10],"neural":[11,14,40,61],"networks,":[12],"traditional":[13],"network":[15,62],"engines":[16],"with":[17,28,69,98,118,150,167],"high-precision":[18],"weights":[19],"and":[20,46,81,115,148,173,184],"activations":[21],"that":[22],"usually":[23],"occupies":[24],"huge":[25],"on/off-chip":[26],"resources":[27],"large":[29],"power":[30,104,124],"consumption":[31],"are":[32],"no":[33],"longer":[34],"suitable":[35],"Internet-of-Things":[37],"applications.":[38],"Binary":[39],"networks":[41],"(BNNs)":[42],"reduce":[43],"memory":[44],"size":[45],"computation":[47],"complexity,":[48],"achieving":[49],"drastically":[50],"increased":[51],"energy":[52,144,187],"efficiency.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"brief,":[56],"an":[57,92],"time-domain":[59,70],"binary":[60],"engine":[63],"is":[64,163],"optimized":[65],"image":[67],"recognition,":[68],"accumulation":[71],"(TD-MAC),":[72],"timing":[73],"error":[74],"detection":[75],"based":[76,126],"adaptive":[77,94],"voltage":[78,95],"scaling":[79,96],"design":[80],"related":[83],"approximate":[84],"computing.":[85],"The":[86],"proposed":[87,177],"key":[88],"features":[89],"are:":[90],"1)":[91],"error-tolerant":[93],"system":[97,139],"TD-MAC":[99,120,125,161],"chain":[100,162],"truncation":[101],"aggressive":[103],"reduction,":[105],"working":[106],"from":[107],"near-threshold":[108],"normal":[110],"voltage;":[111],"2)":[112],"architectural":[113],"parallelism":[114],"data":[116],"reuse":[117],"100%":[119],"utilization;":[121],"3)":[122],"low":[123],"on":[127,153,171],"analog":[128],"delay":[129],"lines.":[130],"Fabricated":[131],"in":[132],"a":[133,141,168,174,180,185],"28nm":[134],"CMOS":[135],"process,":[136],"whole":[138],"achieves":[140,179],"maximum":[142],"51.5TOPS/W":[143],"efficiency":[145,188],"at":[146],"0.42V":[147],"25MHz,":[149],"99.6%":[151],"accuracy":[152,170],"MNIST":[154,172],"dataset.":[155],"When":[156],"length":[158],"truncated":[164],"by":[165],"configuration,":[166],"90%":[169],"150MHz,":[175],"BNN":[178],"power-saving":[181],"13.2%":[183],"further":[186],"67.6%.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}