{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192564870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3077589","title":"A 5.02nW 32-kHz Self-Reference Power Gating XO With Fast Startup Time Assisted by Negative Resistance and Initial Noise Boosters","display_name":"A 5.02nW 32-kHz Self-Reference Power Gating XO With Fast Startup Time Assisted by Negative Resistance and Initial Noise Boosters","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192564870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3077589","mag":"3192564870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3077589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3077589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019379727","display_name":"Jee-Ho Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-9157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jee-Ho Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-9157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110794135","display_name":"Yongtae Shin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongtae Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["DRAM Design Division, SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea","Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DRAM Design Division, SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091341639","display_name":"Jaehyuk Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-1900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehyuk Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-1900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100321810","display_name":"Seong\u2010Jin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-5148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong-Jin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-5148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0804,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38626667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"11","first_page":"3386","last_page":"3390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.562675952911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-resistance","display_name":"Negative resistance","score":0.5568095445632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/booster","display_name":"Booster (rocketry)","score":0.5261368751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation-oscillator","display_name":"Relaxation oscillator","score":0.4922880232334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4894022047519684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.4870362877845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.48410212993621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4454032778739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43133363127708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4273512065410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.41203656792640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.35388511419296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2314767837524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20178693532943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.14758190512657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.09810814261436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.09605753421783447}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.562675952911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14121696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925339","display_name":"Negative resistance","level":3,"score":0.5568095445632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203165030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741745","display_name":"Booster (rocketry)","level":2,"score":0.5261368751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135854075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421688","display_name":"Relaxation oscillator","level":4,"score":0.4922880232334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4894022047519684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.4870362877845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.48410212993621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4454032778739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43133363127708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4273512065410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.41203656792640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.35388511419296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2314767837524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20178693532943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.14758190512657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.09810814261436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.09605753421783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2021.3077589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3077589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.unist.ac.kr:201301/53563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.unist.ac.kr/handle/201301/53563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401118","display_name":"Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","host_organization_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ARTICLE"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3226827548","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10080403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330746","display_name":"Korea Semiconductor Research Consortium","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990011673","https://openalex.org/W2012696426","https://openalex.org/W2014036816","https://openalex.org/W2038908392","https://openalex.org/W2101246913","https://openalex.org/W2101466451","https://openalex.org/W2103584631","https://openalex.org/W2139336997","https://openalex.org/W2278770857","https://openalex.org/W2291700046","https://openalex.org/W2296472418","https://openalex.org/W2580425382","https://openalex.org/W2743095234","https://openalex.org/W2909786483","https://openalex.org/W2979694538","https://openalex.org/W6675374072","https://openalex.org/W6680823361","https://openalex.org/W6696875394"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312694525","https://openalex.org/W2037908596","https://openalex.org/W2344547055","https://openalex.org/W2055961603","https://openalex.org/W2133168739","https://openalex.org/W2100376411","https://openalex.org/W2061633787","https://openalex.org/W2768726661","https://openalex.org/W1990715200","https://openalex.org/W2066879076"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,12,28,31,43,52],"32.768":[3],"kHz":[4],"crystal":[5],"oscillator":[6,54],"with":[7,42],"ultra-low":[8],"power":[9,21,48],"operation":[10],"and":[11,38,74,84],"fast":[13],"startup":[14,62,87],"featuring":[15],"for":[16,46,67],"IoT":[17],"applications.":[18],"A":[19],"self-reference":[20],"gating":[22],"scheme":[23],"detects":[24],"the":[25,40,61,86],"amplitude":[26],"of":[27,89],"clock,":[29],"enabling":[30],"negative":[32],"resistance":[33],"booster":[34],"to":[35],"awake":[36],"XO":[37,66],"keep":[39],"oscillation":[41],"duty-cycling":[44],"technique":[45],"minimizing":[47],"consumption.":[49],"In":[50],"addition,":[51],"relaxation":[53],"injects":[55],"in-band":[56],"noise":[57],"initially,":[58],"further":[59],"reducing":[60],"time.":[63],"The":[64],"prototype":[65],"proof-of-concept":[68],"was":[69],"fabricated":[70],"in":[71],"0.11-$\\mu":[72],"\\text{m}$CMOS":[73],"fully":[75],"characterized.":[76],"It":[77],"consumes":[78],"5.02":[79],"nW":[80],"at":[81],"0.5-V":[82],"supply":[83],"achieves":[85],"time":[88],"1.26":[90],"s":[91],"simultaneously.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
