{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081896659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3020128","title":"A Low-Power 28-Gb/s PAM-4MZM Driver With Level Pre-Distortion","display_name":"A Low-Power 28-Gb/s PAM-4MZM Driver With Level Pre-Distortion","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081896659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3020128","mag":"3081896659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.3020128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3020128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028745234","display_name":"Minkyu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8999-2303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minkyu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["High-Speed Circuits and Systems Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8999-2303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High-Speed Circuits and Systems Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101811594","display_name":"Daehyun Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-5186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae-Hyun Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["High-Speed Circuits and Systems Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-5186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High-Speed Circuits and Systems Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015766700","display_name":"Dae-Won Rho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae-Won Rho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memory Division, Samsung Electronics, Hwasung, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-3540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memory Division, Samsung Electronics, Hwasung, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101781672","display_name":"Woo\u2010Young Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0067-4657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woo-Young Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["High-Speed Circuits and Systems Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0067-4657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High-Speed Circuits and Systems Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028745234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1444,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78340745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"3","first_page":"908","last_page":"912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swing","display_name":"Swing","score":0.586315393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5757662057876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5309904217720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5233327746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.44433778524398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.43122535943984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.40432897210121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3991040587425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.38632720708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3410411477088928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3226284980773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2310180366039276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2042614221572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.0883917510509491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08292248845100403}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65655974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14867674","display_name":"Swing","level":2,"score":0.586315393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5757662057876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5309904217720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5233327746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.44433778524398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.43122535943984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.40432897210121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3991040587425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.38632720708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3410411477088928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3226284980773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2310180366039276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2042614221572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0883917510509491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08292248845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.3020128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3020128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5689156688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10065666","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","funder_display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321314","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9cwa38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019883289","https://openalex.org/W2101048469","https://openalex.org/W2163997701","https://openalex.org/W2512598669","https://openalex.org/W2515067156","https://openalex.org/W2546972454","https://openalex.org/W2551717087","https://openalex.org/W2588494702","https://openalex.org/W2744844431","https://openalex.org/W2887956223","https://openalex.org/W2903392630","https://openalex.org/W2920852491","https://openalex.org/W2949116402","https://openalex.org/W2965789378","https://openalex.org/W2971323714","https://openalex.org/W3015959739","https://openalex.org/W3124143224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360051520","https://openalex.org/W2798244654","https://openalex.org/W3168108534","https://openalex.org/W34871393","https://openalex.org/W4206135463","https://openalex.org/W1486689224","https://openalex.org/W2094697992","https://openalex.org/W2998806118","https://openalex.org/W4229574949","https://openalex.org/W2118008391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,30,109],"PAM-4":[3,33,116],"optical":[4],"modulator":[5,9],"driver":[6,28],"for":[7,108],"Mach-Zehnder":[8],"(MZM),":[10],"having":[11],"the":[12,18],"level":[13,21],"pre-distortion":[14],"functionality":[15],"so":[16,42],"that":[17,43,99],"ratio":[19],"of":[20],"mismatch":[22],"(RLM)":[23],"can":[24,45,102],"be":[25],"optimized.":[26],"The":[27],"employs":[29],"newly":[31],"proposed":[32],"stacked":[34],"source-series":[35],"terminated":[36],"(SST)":[37],"structure":[38],"with":[39,51,69,84],"impedance":[40],"control":[41],"it":[44],"provide":[46],"high":[47],"output":[48,88],"voltage":[49],"swing":[50,89],"low":[52],"power":[53],"consumption.":[54],"A":[55],"prototype":[56],"chip":[57,76],"including":[58],"data":[59],"generators":[60],"and":[61,90],"serializers":[62],"is":[63,82,96],"fabricated":[64],"in":[65],"28-nm":[66],"CMOS":[67],"technology":[68],"0.016":[70],"mm":[71],"<sup":[72],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[73,113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[74],"active":[75],"area.":[77],"With":[78],"this,":[79],"28-Gb/s":[80],"operation":[81],"achieved":[83],"2.4":[85],"V":[86],"differential":[87],"3.14":[91],"pJ/bit":[92],"energy":[93],"efficiency.":[94],"It":[95],"experimentally":[97],"demonstrated":[98],"our":[100],"circuit":[101],"achieve":[103],"larger":[104],"than":[105],"95%":[106],"RLM":[107],"commercial":[110],"LiNbO":[111],"<sub":[112],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sub>":[114],"MZM":[115],"modulation.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}