{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048680376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3015902","title":"MACSen: A Processing-In-Sensor Architecture Integrating MAC Operations Into Image Sensor for Ultra-Low-Power BNN-Based Intelligent Visual Perception","display_name":"MACSen: A Processing-In-Sensor Architecture Integrating MAC Operations Into Image Sensor for Ultra-Low-Power BNN-Based Intelligent Visual Perception","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048680376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3015902","mag":"3048680376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.3015902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3015902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100668501","display_name":"Xu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2469-1286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2469-1286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102009269","display_name":"Ziru Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1230-7953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziru Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049687471","display_name":"Ningchao Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningchao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075311656","display_name":"Qi Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-7562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-7562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063901096","display_name":"Fei Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-9590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-9590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071383109","display_name":"Xunzhao Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-9545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xunzhao Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-9545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8558003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"2","first_page":"627","last_page":"631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7945618629455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6829502582550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5932620763778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5931267142295837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5167652368545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.493491530418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.48163217306137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4632130563259125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4329086244106293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43208587169647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.429127037525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4100780785083771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36709678173065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3055706322193146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.21232768893241882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19522836804389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12852105498313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07041764259338379}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7945618629455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6829502582550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5932620763778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5931267142295837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5167652368545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.493491530418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.48163217306137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4632130563259125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4329086244106293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43208587169647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.429127037525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4100780785083771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36709678173065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3055706322193146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.21232768893241882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19522836804389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12852105498313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07041764259338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.3015902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3015902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4493934510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91648116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327539","display_name":"Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566916904","https://openalex.org/W2016877264","https://openalex.org/W2131785162","https://openalex.org/W2197399834","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2592539811","https://openalex.org/W2593564159","https://openalex.org/W2774669597","https://openalex.org/W2887561955","https://openalex.org/W2888088168","https://openalex.org/W2898054128","https://openalex.org/W2920982882","https://openalex.org/W2964242827","https://openalex.org/W3015857749","https://openalex.org/W4295262505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W2977517636","https://openalex.org/W1969179582","https://openalex.org/W2810129309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"BNN-based":[1],"visual":[2],"system":[3,92],"wastes":[4],"lots":[5],"of":[6,66,79,85],"energy":[7,83,114],"in":[8,43,87],"data":[9,57],"conversion":[10,58],"and":[11,33,73,81,111],"movement,":[12],"hindering":[13],"its":[14],"deployment":[15],"on":[16,94],"battery-powered":[17],"devices.":[18],"This":[19],"brief":[20],"proposes":[21],"MACSen,":[22],"an":[23],"ultra-low-power":[24],"processing-in-sensor":[25],"(PIS)":[26],"architecture":[27],"which":[28],"integrates":[29],"sensing":[30],"with":[31,47,117],"computing":[32],"directly":[34],"outputs":[35],"the":[36,48,76,82,91,101],"computation":[37,88],"results.":[38],"The":[39],"multiply-and-accumulation":[40],"(MAC)":[41],"operation":[42],"BNN":[44,103],"is":[45],"fused":[46],"Correlated":[49],"Double":[50],"Sampling":[51],"(CDS)":[52],"procedure":[53],"together":[54],"to":[55],"save":[56],"power.":[59],"A":[60],"4":[61,63],"\u00d7":[62],"MACSen":[64,106],"prototype":[65],"180nm":[67],"process":[68],"was":[69],"fabricated":[70],"for":[71],"demonstration,":[72],"it":[74],"achieves":[75],"frame":[77],"rate":[78],"1000fps":[80],"efficiency":[84],"1.32TOP/s/W":[86],"mode.":[89],"Furthermore,":[90],"demonstration":[93],"MNIST":[95],"dataset":[96],"classification":[97],"task":[98],"shows":[99],"that":[100],"hardware":[102],"implementation":[104],"integrating":[105],"incurs":[107],"no":[108],"accuracy":[109],"degradation":[110],"gains":[112],"61%":[113],"saving":[115],"compared":[116],"state-of-the-art":[118],"work.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
