{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3038840408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3005725","title":"A Low Power and Low Area Router With Congestion-Aware Routing Algorithm for Spiking Neural Network Hardware Implementations","display_name":"A Low Power and Low Area Router With Congestion-Aware Routing Algorithm for Spiking Neural Network Hardware Implementations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3038840408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3005725","mag":"3038840408"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.3005725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3005725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032368049","display_name":"Junran Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7434-8582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junran Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7434-8582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042682339","display_name":"Wang Ling Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Ling Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-8941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036682724","display_name":"Vishnu P. Nambiar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5570-5911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishnu P. Nambiar","raw_affiliation_strings":["A*STAR, Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A*STAR, Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615706","display_name":"Anh Tuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-6818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Tuan Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["A*STAR, Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-6818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A*STAR, Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5694,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62784749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"1","first_page":"471","last_page":"475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.8395466804504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7644562721252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-armed-router","display_name":"One-armed router","score":0.6292272210121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-router","display_name":"Core router","score":0.5844518542289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.521312415599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4665517508983612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.45740559697151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.44392481446266174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4341356158256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metrics","display_name":"Metrics","score":0.4275876581668854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.3580033779144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.24966731667518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-table","display_name":"Routing table","score":0.2271951138973236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11920762062072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10014280676841736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.8395466804504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7644562721252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152174988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092301","display_name":"One-armed router","level":3,"score":0.6292272210121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86726114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170211","display_name":"Core router","level":3,"score":0.5844518542289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.521312415599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4665517508983612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.45740559697151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.44392481446266174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4341356158256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195780805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1535986","display_name":"Metrics","level":5,"score":0.4275876581668854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3580033779144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.24966731667518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.2271951138973236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11920762062072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10014280676841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.3005725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.3005725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W345956458","https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W2046500578","https://openalex.org/W2055473437","https://openalex.org/W2102397476","https://openalex.org/W2104276771","https://openalex.org/W2129233376","https://openalex.org/W2626429347","https://openalex.org/W2896255144","https://openalex.org/W2901046104","https://openalex.org/W3023904650","https://openalex.org/W4238614602","https://openalex.org/W6777229976"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2466836499","https://openalex.org/W1524510116","https://openalex.org/W1768068179","https://openalex.org/W1821339798","https://openalex.org/W2389883963","https://openalex.org/W2339322148","https://openalex.org/W1193960132","https://openalex.org/W2382460248","https://openalex.org/W1994022894","https://openalex.org/W2349821137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"(NC)":[1],"designs":[2,38],"have":[3,39],"gained":[4],"significant":[5],"interest":[6],"in":[7,90],"recent":[8],"hardware":[9],"research":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,28,42,49,84,108,126],"its":[13],"low-power":[14],"consumption.":[15,59,74],"Low-power":[16],"and":[17,33,53,57,71,93,160],"low-latency":[18],"router":[19,37,51,104,142,151],"design":[20],"is":[21,106,124],"one":[22],"of":[23,64,88,132,156,164],"the":[24,86,91,110,128,141],"most":[25],"critical":[26],"component":[27],"ensure":[29],"NC":[30],"hardware's":[31],"scalability":[32],"energy":[34,154],"efficiency.":[35],"Various":[36],"been":[40],"proposed":[41,125,150],"achieve":[43],"high":[44,55],"performance.":[45],"However,":[46],"this":[47,76],"leads":[48],"complex":[50],"architectures":[52],"thus":[54],"area":[56,163],"power":[58,73,130,143],"Furthermore,":[60],"non-uniform":[61],"traffic":[62],"patterns":[63],"spiking":[65],"neurons":[66],"can":[67],"cause":[68],"network":[69,95],"congestion":[70,87],"unnecessary":[72],"In":[75],"brief,":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"a":[80,98,119,161],"congestion-aware":[81],"routing":[82],"algorithm":[83],"alleviate":[85],"routers":[89],"middle":[92],"reduce":[94,127],"latency.":[96],"Besides,":[97],"globally":[99],"asynchronous,":[100],"locally":[101],"synchronous":[102],"low-cost":[103],"architecture":[105],"deployed":[107],"relax":[109],"global":[111],"clock":[112,121],"tree":[113],"constraint":[114],"at":[115],"chip":[116],"level.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"novel":[120],"gating":[122],"circuit":[123],"dynamic":[129],"consumption":[131,144,155],"routers.":[133],"Our":[134],"results":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137],"averagely":[138],"it":[139],"reduces":[140],"by":[145],"more":[146],"than":[147],"50%.":[148],"The":[149],"achieves":[152],"ultra-low":[153],"$2.3\\times":[157],"10^{-2}$":[158],"pJ/bit":[159],"small":[162],"only":[165],"0.007":[166],"mm":[167],"<sup":[168],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[170],".":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
