{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011659799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","title":"Normalization and Multi-Valued Symbol Extraction From RO-PUFs for Enhanced Uniform Probability Distributions","display_name":"Normalization and Multi-Valued Symbol Extraction From RO-PUFs for Enhanced Uniform Probability Distributions","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011659799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","mag":"3011659799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8920/9270611/09035615.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8920/9270611/09035615.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063851389","display_name":"Holger Mandry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holger Mandry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-2829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043590607","display_name":"Andreas Herkle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-9308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Herkle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-9308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007462225","display_name":"Sven M\u00fcelich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Muelich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications Engineering, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications Engineering, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067122803","display_name":"Joachim Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-7812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-7812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077400374","display_name":"Robert F. H. Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1835-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert F. H. Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications Engineering, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1835-5048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications Engineering, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034938079","display_name":"Maurits Ortmanns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3547-1596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurits Ortmanns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3547-1596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1842,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92012402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"12","first_page":"3372","last_page":"3376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6716842651367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5697355270385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5233280658721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5038337111473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48762884736061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.46228623390197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.42019760608673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3627222776412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.33029037714004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32557016611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.20986220240592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2055983543395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.16320577263832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14662495255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10216698050498962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6716842651367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5697355270385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5233280658721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5038337111473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48762884736061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.46228623390197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.42019760608673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3627222776412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.33029037714004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32557016611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.20986220240592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2055983543395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.16320577263832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14662495255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10216698050498962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8920/9270611/09035615.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2980748","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8920/9270611/09035615.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1035423315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FI 982/15-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011659799.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011659799.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556911442","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2104401100","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2128106770","https://openalex.org/W2166481425","https://openalex.org/W2317538430","https://openalex.org/W2694568276","https://openalex.org/W2770512012","https://openalex.org/W2793592525","https://openalex.org/W2953125976","https://openalex.org/W4255375128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W4294432981","https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W4321441197","https://openalex.org/W3195700791","https://openalex.org/W4396942000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"Unclonable":[1],"Functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"offer":[4],"the":[5,37,40,108,140,150,163],"possibility":[6],"for":[7,13,137],"on-chip":[8],"generation":[9],"of":[10,54,64,87,90,107,122,130,154,165],"unique":[11],"fingerprints":[12],"integrated":[14],"circuits.":[15],"Ring-oscillator":[16],"(RO)":[17],"PUFs":[18],"are":[19,45,124,144],"small":[20],"and":[21,31,47,126,132,142,152],"easy":[22],"to":[23,49,59,83,100,148,161,168],"configure":[24],"on":[25,135],"Field":[26],"Programmable":[27],"Gate":[28],"Arrays":[29],"(FPGAs)":[30],"thus":[32],"received":[33],"great":[34],"attention":[35],"over":[36],"years.":[38],"In":[39,72],"state-of-the-art":[41],"two":[42],"neighboring":[43],"ROs":[44],"compared":[46],"mapped":[48],"only":[50],"a":[51,81],"single":[52],"bit":[53],"information.":[55],"Few":[56],"publications":[57],"aims":[58],"extract":[60,84],"more":[61,85],"bits":[62,86,170],"out":[63,89],"one":[65],"PUF-cell,":[66],"but":[67],"struggle":[68],"with":[69],"non-uniform":[70],"distributions.":[71],"this":[73],"brief":[74],"multi-valued":[75,155],"symbol":[76,138],"extraction":[77],"is":[78,98],"presented":[79],"as":[80,146],"method":[82],"information":[88,167],"each":[91],"individual":[92],"RO.":[93,172],"A":[94],"new":[95,158],"post-processing":[96],"approach":[97,159],"introduced":[99],"produce":[101],"close-to-ideal":[102],"uniformly":[103],"distributed":[104],"responses":[105],"independent":[106],"underlying":[109],"physically":[110],"probability":[111],"distribution.":[112],"To":[113],"eliminate":[114],"bias,":[115],"caused":[116],"by":[117,128],"placement":[118],"inequalities,":[119],"multiple":[120],"methods":[121],"normalization":[123],"utilized":[125],"analyzed":[127],"means":[129],"area":[131],"complexity.":[133],"Based":[134],"metrics":[136,147],"transmission,":[139],"Euclidean-distance":[141],"entropy":[143],"used":[145],"evaluate":[149],"uniqueness":[151],"reliability":[153],"PUFs.":[156],"This":[157],"allows":[160],"increase":[162],"amount":[164],"extracted":[166],"3":[169],"per":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}