{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998920371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2966654","title":"An Energy Efficient Level Shifter Capable of Logic Conversion From Sub-15 mV to 1.2 V","display_name":"An Energy Efficient Level Shifter Capable of Logic Conversion From Sub-15 mV to 1.2 V","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998920371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2966654","mag":"2998920371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.2966654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2966654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030255041","display_name":"Even L\u00e5te","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-1071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Even Late","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055804223","display_name":"Trond Ytterdal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2109-833X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trond Ytterdal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026627174","display_name":"Snorre Aunet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-8886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Snorre Aunet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030255041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9712,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86235789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"11","first_page":"2687","last_page":"2691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subthreshold-conduction","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","score":0.7328409552574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-level","display_name":"Logic level","score":0.7211705446243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nmos-logic","display_name":"NMOS logic","score":0.718498706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.6502976417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6416111588478088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5983550548553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.5328130722045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5037347674369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biasing","display_name":"Biasing","score":0.4862464666366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.48516422510147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.43955540657043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.43736982345581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-corners","display_name":"Process corners","score":0.4205147624015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.41915610432624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3979487121105194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3944089114665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3774958848953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27619704604148865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156465305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658601","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","level":4,"score":0.7328409552574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146569638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173378","display_name":"Logic level","level":3,"score":0.7211705446243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197162436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83908","display_name":"NMOS logic","level":4,"score":0.718498706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.6502976417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6416111588478088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5983550548553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.5328130722045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5037347674369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20254490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719550","display_name":"Biasing","level":3,"score":0.4862464666366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.48516422510147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.43955540657043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.43736982345581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192615534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247268","display_name":"Process corners","level":3,"score":0.4205147624015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.41915610432624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3979487121105194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3944089114665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3774958848953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27619704604148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.2966654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2020.2966654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965484872","https://openalex.org/W1971578202","https://openalex.org/W1977946474","https://openalex.org/W2022701437","https://openalex.org/W2033357394","https://openalex.org/W2060888327","https://openalex.org/W2075642405","https://openalex.org/W2078175791","https://openalex.org/W2082007216","https://openalex.org/W2114898850","https://openalex.org/W2119935308","https://openalex.org/W2138693083","https://openalex.org/W2152870277","https://openalex.org/W2156818146","https://openalex.org/W2161538578","https://openalex.org/W2330856862","https://openalex.org/W2659585261","https://openalex.org/W2789272543","https://openalex.org/W2894522804","https://openalex.org/W4235901347","https://openalex.org/W6682960904","https://openalex.org/W6683910602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1793154485","https://openalex.org/W2918058197","https://openalex.org/W2085719533","https://openalex.org/W1487227640","https://openalex.org/W2808730134","https://openalex.org/W4239145761","https://openalex.org/W2615230521","https://openalex.org/W2152583886","https://openalex.org/W4249251134","https://openalex.org/W1507778554"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,24],"propose":[1],"architectural":[2],"advances":[3],"in":[4,34,43,106,144],"low":[5,60],"voltage,":[6],"energy-efficient,":[7],"level":[8,123],"shifters.":[9],"A":[10,39],"write":[11],"assist":[12],"circuit":[13],"is":[14],"introduced,":[15],"to":[16,29,81,85,100,127,132,152],"support":[17],"the":[18,31,68,92,107,113,148],"up-conversion":[19],"of":[20,119,139],"deep":[21],"subthreshold":[22],"inputs.":[23],"also":[25],"present":[26],"an":[27,137],"approach":[28],"reduce":[30],"leakage":[32,104,115],"current":[33],"split":[35,108],"signal":[36],"output":[37,110],"stages.":[38],"prototype":[40],"was":[41,74,98,125,150],"created":[42],"a":[44,117],"130":[45],"nm":[46],"bulk":[47],"CMOS":[48],"process,":[49],"and":[50,89,147],"some":[51],"samples":[52],"were":[53],"successfully":[54],"tested":[55],"for":[56,87],"input":[57,72,96,158],"voltages":[58],"as":[59,61],"5":[62],"mV.":[63,76,102],"For":[64],"10":[65],"measured":[66,93,151],"samples,":[67],"mean":[69,94],"functional,":[70],"minimum,":[71],"voltage":[73,97],"31.1":[75],"By":[77],"applying":[78],"body":[79],"bias":[80],"selected":[82],"NMOS":[83],"transistors":[84],"compensate":[86],"process":[88],"mismatch":[90],"variation,":[91],"minimum":[95],"lowered":[99],"14.3":[101],"The":[103,121],"reduction":[105],"control":[109],"driver":[111,114],"reduces":[112],"by":[116],"factor":[118],"8.":[120],"designed":[122],"shifter":[124],"found":[126],"be":[128],"energy":[129],"efficient":[130],"compared":[131],"published":[133],"structures,":[134],"it":[135],"consumed":[136],"average":[138],"25.9":[140],"fJ":[141],"per":[142],"conversion":[143],"post-layout":[145],"simulations":[146],"delay":[149],"21.08":[153],"ns":[154],"at":[155],"300":[156],"mV":[157],"signals.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
