{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145830629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2009.2035258","title":"Fractional-$N$ Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Frequency Synthesis: A Tutorial","display_name":"Fractional-$N$ Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Frequency Synthesis: A Tutorial","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145830629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2009.2035258","mag":"2145830629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2009.2035258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2009.2035258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061544295","display_name":"Pin-En Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pin-En Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Dept., of Electr. Eng., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept., of Electr. Eng., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025807083","display_name":"Sudhakar Pamarti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1457-7508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Pamarti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Dept., of Electr. Eng., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept., of Electr. Eng., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061544295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9373785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"12","first_page":"881","last_page":"885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.7395905256271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.5078404545783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.47264426946640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emphasis","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","score":0.45667123794555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-sigma-modulation","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","score":0.4369214177131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractional-calculus","display_name":"Fractional calculus","score":0.4137251079082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39199334383010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2885221242904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2652846574783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18538641929626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1797354519367218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.1338442862033844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.7395905256271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.5078404545783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47264426946640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.45667123794555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68754193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184820","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","level":3,"score":0.4369214177131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154249771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339058","display_name":"Fractional calculus","level":2,"score":0.4137251079082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39199334383010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2885221242904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2652846574783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18538641929626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1797354519367218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.1338442862033844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsii.2009.2035258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2009.2035258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93916849","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs","issn_l":"1549-7747","issn":["1549-7747","1558-3791"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68825614","https://openalex.org/W1488162101","https://openalex.org/W1492984241","https://openalex.org/W1500373038","https://openalex.org/W1531446014","https://openalex.org/W1579985208","https://openalex.org/W1965174157","https://openalex.org/W1969730806","https://openalex.org/W1975831661","https://openalex.org/W1983424317","https://openalex.org/W2010437213","https://openalex.org/W2013230846","https://openalex.org/W2016690141","https://openalex.org/W2018704819","https://openalex.org/W2029583434","https://openalex.org/W2030258400","https://openalex.org/W2067936044","https://openalex.org/W2072192908","https://openalex.org/W2107186613","https://openalex.org/W2117873004","https://openalex.org/W2120258930","https://openalex.org/W2125257617","https://openalex.org/W2127361142","https://openalex.org/W2139625690","https://openalex.org/W2140554579","https://openalex.org/W2143392198","https://openalex.org/W2143520193","https://openalex.org/W2146298723","https://openalex.org/W2150524153","https://openalex.org/W2150912637","https://openalex.org/W2152565053","https://openalex.org/W2157470323","https://openalex.org/W2158180061","https://openalex.org/W2160364955","https://openalex.org/W2163231597","https://openalex.org/W2166624160","https://openalex.org/W2167284852","https://openalex.org/W2177410627","https://openalex.org/W2177833654","https://openalex.org/W2340429540","https://openalex.org/W2788760024","https://openalex.org/W3174912365","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055105357","https://openalex.org/W2153819599","https://openalex.org/W2255426644","https://openalex.org/W2474043983","https://openalex.org/W2566880546","https://openalex.org/W2078513307","https://openalex.org/W2544336511","https://openalex.org/W2144737022","https://openalex.org/W2000633969","https://openalex.org/W1978186604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"fundamentals":[1],"and":[2,29,32],"state":[3],"of":[4],"the":[5],"art":[6],"in":[7],"fractional-":[8,24],"<i":[9,25],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[10,26],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>":[11,27],"phase-locked-loop":[12],"(PLL)-based":[13],"frequency":[14],"synthesis":[15],"are":[16],"reviewed.":[17],"Particular":[18],"emphasis":[19],"is":[20],"placed":[21],"on":[22],"delta-sigma":[23],"PLLs":[28],"quantization":[30],"noise":[31],"fractional":[33],"spur":[34],"suppression":[35],"techniques":[36],"for":[37],"wide-bandwidth":[38],"applications.":[39]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}