{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125020459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2026.3652828","title":"A Bidirectional Passive BLE Chip for Battery-Free IoT Mesh Network","display_name":"A Bidirectional Passive BLE Chip for Battery-Free IoT Mesh Network","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125020459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2026.3652828"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2026.3652828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2026.3652828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079876408","display_name":"Qijing Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3811-8732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qijing Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3811-8732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082952540","display_name":"Ziyi Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-9297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyi Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-9297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weixiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0385-017X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0385-017X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059629066","display_name":"Yuxuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-0660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-0660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123405561","display_name":"Bo Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9357-3120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91410717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"5","first_page":"3116","last_page":"3127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.8184000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.8184000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11230","display_name":"Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies","score":0.13109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-on-a-chip","display_name":"System on a chip","score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesh-networking","display_name":"Mesh networking","score":0.34529998898506165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118021083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398","display_name":"System on a chip","level":2,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123691950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25552104","display_name":"Mesh networking","level":3,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128519102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339554","display_name":"Network on a chip","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146667757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457198","display_name":"System in package","level":3,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83529365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4972103","display_name":"Broadcast communication network","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174440990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681349","display_name":"Point-to-point","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2026.3652828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2026.3652828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6534922122955322}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7240447076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62534008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104820053","https://openalex.org/W2131465806","https://openalex.org/W2146976683","https://openalex.org/W2148164665","https://openalex.org/W2180015290","https://openalex.org/W2414916109","https://openalex.org/W2590315573","https://openalex.org/W2592850638","https://openalex.org/W2887408600","https://openalex.org/W2925262016","https://openalex.org/W2987527351","https://openalex.org/W3049653562","https://openalex.org/W3080971705","https://openalex.org/W3090817248","https://openalex.org/W3119416864","https://openalex.org/W3186121671","https://openalex.org/W4220752574","https://openalex.org/W4220903013","https://openalex.org/W4312910533","https://openalex.org/W4316661160","https://openalex.org/W4321608084","https://openalex.org/W4360605746","https://openalex.org/W4360606233","https://openalex.org/W4360606490","https://openalex.org/W4379619481","https://openalex.org/W4385756455","https://openalex.org/W4385757439","https://openalex.org/W4387411134","https://openalex.org/W4392739456","https://openalex.org/W4392739526","https://openalex.org/W4392745537","https://openalex.org/W4392745850","https://openalex.org/W4404520447","https://openalex.org/W4404628452","https://openalex.org/W4410492417","https://openalex.org/W4410492700","https://openalex.org/W4415934190"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Battery-free":[0],"tags":[1],"offer":[2],"a":[3,96,101,116,122,153,186,192,232,237,245],"power-efficient":[4],"solution":[5,247],"for":[6,78,248],"the":[7,16,33,38,42,52,88,91,168,239],"wireless":[8],"connection":[9],"in":[10,51,87,115,142,152,231],"Internet":[11],"of":[12,90],"Things":[13],"(IoT),":[14],"where":[15],"backscatter":[17],"communication":[18,62,86,110,141,171,213,230],"that":[19,137],"is":[20,150,164,206],"compatible":[21],"with":[22],"widely-deployed":[23],"protocols":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"Bluetooth":[27],"Low":[28],"Energy":[29],"(BLE)":[30],"significantly":[31],"reduces":[32],"hardware":[34],"cost":[35],"thanks":[36],"to":[37,66,166,173,208],"seamless":[39],"integration":[40],"into":[41],"existing":[43,53],"infrastructure.":[44],"However,":[45],"there":[46],"are":[47,64,74],"three":[48],"main":[49],"shortcomings":[50],"battery-free":[54,117,139,234,250],"BLE":[55,135,140,242],"tags:":[56],"1)The":[57],"tag-to-access":[58],"point":[59],"(AP,":[60],"uplink)":[61],"ranges":[63],"limited":[65],"97":[67],"meters":[68],"at":[69,175,214],"-10dBm":[70,187],"incident":[71,188],"power,":[72],"which":[73,119,224],"not":[75,94,112],"long":[76],"enough":[77],"some":[79],"outdoor":[80],"scenes.":[81],"2)":[82],"The":[83,148],"AP-to-tag":[84],"(downlink)":[85],"state":[89],"arts":[92],"has":[93,111],"exceeded":[95],"1Mbps":[97,210],"data":[98],"rate":[99],"and":[100,145,185,228],"4m":[102],"range,":[103],"disabling":[104],"remote":[105],"tag":[106],"configuration.":[107],"3)The":[108],"tag-to-tag":[109,146,229],"been":[113],"realized":[114],"way,":[118],"cannot":[120],"construct":[121],"passive":[123,134,241],"IoT":[124,251],"network.":[125,253],"In":[126,190],"this":[127],"work,":[128],"we":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"an":[131],"integrated":[132],"bidirectional":[133,240],"chip":[136,149,243],"conducts":[138],"tag-to-tablet/smartphone,":[143],"tablet/smartphone-to-tag,":[144],"modes.":[147],"implemented":[151],"65nm":[154],"CMOS":[155],"process.":[156],"An":[157],"all-digital":[158],"intermediate":[159],"frequency":[160],"(IF)":[161],"shaping":[162],"technique":[163,205],"proposed":[165,207],"extend":[167],"tag-to-tablet/smartphone":[169],"(uplink)":[170],"range":[172],"160m":[174],"<inline-formula":[176,193,215],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[177,194,216],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[178,195,217],"<tex-math":[179,196,218],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$7.16\\mu":[180],"$</tex-math>":[181,220],"</inline-formula>W":[182,221],"power":[183,222],"consumption":[184],"tone.":[189],"addition,":[191],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2^{nd}$</tex-math>":[197],"</inline-formula>-order":[198],"intermodulation":[199],"(IM2)":[200],"based":[201],"charge-domain":[202],"GFSK":[203],"demodulation":[204],"enable":[209],"12m":[211],"downlink":[212],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$6.8\\mu":[219],"consumption,":[223],"realizes":[225],"both":[226],"tablet/smartphone-to-tag":[227],"fully":[233],"way.":[235],"As":[236],"result,":[238],"offers":[244],"potential":[246],"future":[249],"mesh":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}