{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160599459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3643491","title":"Cyber-Attack on Charge Pump Phase-Locked Loops in Distributed Energy Systems","display_name":"Cyber-Attack on Charge Pump Phase-Locked Loops in Distributed Energy Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160599459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3643491"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3643491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3643491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135681923","display_name":"Xing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7377-4677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7377-4677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028078008","display_name":"Chensheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1723-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chensheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733950","display_name":"Yang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0864-5842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-8029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135674757","display_name":"Zhao Yang Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Yang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52294114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"6","first_page":"4048","last_page":"4060"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8248000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8248000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.04500000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge","display_name":"Charge (physics)","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-pump","display_name":"Charge pump","score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalent-circuit","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.30169999599456787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792","display_name":"Charge (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114825011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440704","display_name":"Charge pump","level":4,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23572009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964981","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","level":3,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112714845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1482001","display_name":"Distributed parameter system","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989121073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309019","display_name":"Transient analysis","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4292930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009341","display_name":"Distributed element model","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58570533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55451","display_name":"Electric potential","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196796808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132629","display_name":"Electrical network","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108811297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214518","display_name":"Admittance","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3643491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3643491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8710454106330872,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5884386629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2441245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6442699438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,6,10,29,36,47,57,70,109,118,136,140,161,171],"vulnerability":[4],"of":[5,35,59],"circuit":[7],"system":[8,174],"in":[9,16,170],"charge":[11],"pump":[12],"phase-locked":[13],"loop":[14],"(CPPLL)":[15],"inverter-based":[17],"distributed":[18,172,181],"energy":[19,76,152,173],"systems":[20],"by":[21,175],"designing":[22],"an":[23,94,122],"attack":[24,44,49,60,71,138,142],"strategy":[25,143],"that":[26,135],"can":[27,144],"exploit":[28],"tracking":[30],"characteristics":[31],"and":[32,82,90,116,156,165],"closed-loop":[33],"bandwidth":[34],"CPPLL":[37],"at":[38,160],"non-nominal":[39],"grid":[40,163],"frequencies.":[41],"Meanwhile,":[42],"considering":[43],"resource":[45],"constraints,":[46],"CPPLL-based":[48,137],"is":[50,66,105],"analyzed":[51],"across":[52],"different":[53],"regions":[54],"to":[55,68,107,150,180],"study":[56],"selection":[58],"targets.":[61],"A":[62],"multi-objective":[63,110],"optimization":[64,92,104],"problem":[65],"formulated":[67],"maximize":[69],"effect,":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74],"renewable":[75,151],"revenue":[77],"loss,":[78],"power":[79,154],"dispatch":[80],"error":[81],"voltage":[83,157],"deviation":[84,158],"rate.":[85],"To":[86],"solve":[87],"this":[88],"dynamic":[89],"high-dimensional":[91],"problem,":[93],"improved":[95],"Deep":[96],"Deterministic":[97],"Policy":[98],"Gradient":[99],"(DDPG)":[100],"combined":[101],"with":[102,121,139],"robust":[103],"proposed":[106,141],"integrate":[108],"into":[111],"a":[112,129],"scalarized":[113],"reward":[114],"function":[115],"learn":[117],"optimal":[119],"policy":[120],"Actor-Critic":[123],"network.":[124],"Simulation":[125],"studies,":[126],"conducted":[127],"on":[128],"modified":[130],"IEEE-33":[131],"bus":[132],"system,":[133],"reveal":[134],"result":[145],"in:":[146],"1)":[147],"larger":[148],"loss":[149,169],"revenue,":[153],"dispatch,":[155],"rate":[159],"low-nominal":[162],"frequency":[164],"2)":[166],"maximized":[167],"comprehensive":[168],"attacking":[176],"cluster":[177],"inverters":[178],"compared":[179],"inverters.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T06:17:35.589633","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}