{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416368525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3632344","title":"A Class-F VCO With Ultra-Low-Power and Low-Phase-Noise by Reactivating the Common-Mode Coupling Factor in a 1:2 Transformer","display_name":"A Class-F VCO With Ultra-Low-Power and Low-Phase-Noise by Reactivating the Common-Mode Coupling Factor in a 1:2 Transformer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416368525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3632344"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3632344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3632344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101253754","display_name":"Linying Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5048-2612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linying Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5048-2612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100759160","display_name":"Yubing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-077X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-077X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072146974","display_name":"Zemeng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6030-7122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zemeng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6030-7122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634940","display_name":"Xiuping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-9651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-9651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, and the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100657319","display_name":"Quan Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-2127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong&#x2013;Hong Kong&#x2013;Macao Joint Laboratory for Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz, the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, and the School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-2127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong&#x2013;Hong Kong&#x2013;Macao Joint Laboratory for Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz, the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, and the School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28939247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"2","first_page":"826","last_page":"839"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.7350999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.6682000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.5946999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center-frequency","display_name":"Center frequency","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-factor","display_name":"Q factor","score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4921000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-coupling","display_name":"Inductive coupling","score":0.41350001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.7350999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.6682000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.5946999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7054721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940572","display_name":"Center frequency","level":3,"score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187725362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830521","display_name":"Q factor","level":3,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4921000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177872590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498289","display_name":"Inductive coupling","level":2,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49319798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502874","display_name":"Frequency offset","level":4,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64424096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750454","display_name":"Power factor","level":3,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117551214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692774","display_name":"Low-power electronics","level":4,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139210041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145840","display_name":"Resonance (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74524168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074539","display_name":"Integrated circuit design","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207912722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259123","display_name":"Signal generator","level":3,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91397564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15059729","display_name":"Coupling coefficient of resonators","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15485314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467463","display_name":"Varicap","level":4,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146847952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933121","display_name":"Colpitts oscillator","level":5,"score":0.26159998774528503}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3632344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3632344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994418164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8129143660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62321001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500763588","https://openalex.org/W2098907338","https://openalex.org/W2102861935","https://openalex.org/W2112006904","https://openalex.org/W2135143797","https://openalex.org/W2146254235","https://openalex.org/W2156180514","https://openalex.org/W2169735823","https://openalex.org/W2521349449","https://openalex.org/W2592613224","https://openalex.org/W2802479922","https://openalex.org/W2901368319","https://openalex.org/W2908054846","https://openalex.org/W2908594358","https://openalex.org/W2921289119","https://openalex.org/W2978219317","https://openalex.org/W2981587265","https://openalex.org/W2996845789","https://openalex.org/W3049667933","https://openalex.org/W3108533564","https://openalex.org/W3134319786","https://openalex.org/W3136794940","https://openalex.org/W3188554269","https://openalex.org/W4205868830","https://openalex.org/W4285155650","https://openalex.org/W4285294152","https://openalex.org/W4312261872","https://openalex.org/W4360605991","https://openalex.org/W4377708840","https://openalex.org/W4386824975","https://openalex.org/W4387449042","https://openalex.org/W4392309395"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,24,56,62,94,144,149,161,169,203],"Class-F":[4],"voltage-controlled":[5],"oscillator":[6,151],"(VCO)":[7],"with":[8,153,183,207],"low-phase-noise":[9],"(PN)":[10],"and":[11,51,192,198,214],"ultra-low-power":[12,74],"consumption":[13],"is":[14,66,108,157],"proposed":[15,42,166],"by":[16,142],"reactivating":[17],"the":[18,33,46,71,89,103,113,124,129,135,165],"common-mode":[19],"(CM)":[20],"coupling":[21,36,53,106,131],"factor":[22,37],"in":[23,38,55,110,160],"1:2":[25,39,104],"transformer.":[26,58],"Unlike":[27],"conventional":[28],"designs":[29],"that":[30,119],"exclusively":[31],"consider":[32],"differential-mode":[34],"(DM)":[35],"transformers,":[40],"our":[41],"architecture":[43],"effectively":[44,133],"leverages":[45],"combined":[47],"potential":[48],"of":[49,73,123,212],"DM":[50,60],"CM":[52,101,130,136],"factors":[54],"single":[57],"For":[59],"operation,":[61,102],"novel":[63],"design":[64,72],"method":[65,77],"presented":[67],"to":[68,138,177],"efficiently":[69],"guide":[70],"VCOs.":[75],"This":[76],"provides":[78],"clear":[79],"insights":[80],"into":[81],"how":[82],"Class-F<sub":[83],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[84],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sub>":[85],"resonator":[86],"parameters":[87],"influence":[88],"loop":[90],"gain":[91],"characteristics,":[92],"establishing":[93],"quantitative":[95],"framework":[96],"for":[97,112],"performance":[98],"optimization.":[99],"Regarding":[100],"transformer\u2019s":[105],"mechanism":[107],"analyzed":[109],"detail":[111],"first":[114],"time.":[115],"The":[116,187],"analysis":[117],"reveals":[118],"strategic":[120],"layout":[121],"optimization":[122],"center":[125],"tap":[126],"can":[127],"reactivate":[128],"factor,":[132],"expanding":[134],"resonance":[137],"reduce":[139],"PN.":[140],"Furthermore,":[141],"incorporating":[143],"tightly":[145],"coupled":[146],"tertiary":[147],"coil,":[148],"local":[150],"signal":[152],"high":[154],"spectral":[155],"purity":[156],"realized.":[158],"Fabricated":[159],"110-nm":[162],"CMOS":[163],"process,":[164],"VCO":[167],"achieves":[168],"20.2%":[170],"frequency":[171],"tuning":[172],"range":[173],"(FTR)":[174],"from":[175,202],"10.45":[176],"12.80":[178],"GHz,":[179],"consuming":[180],"0.38-0.50":[181],"mW":[182],"0.2-V":[184],"power":[185],"supply.":[186],"measured":[188],"PN":[189],"exhibits":[190],"\u2212107":[191],"\u2212130":[193],"dBc/Hz":[194],"at":[195],"1":[196],"MHz":[197,200],"10":[199],"offset":[201],"12.80-GHz":[204],"carrier,":[205],"respectively,":[206],"corresponding":[208],"excellent":[209],"figures-of-merit":[210],"(FoM)":[211],"192":[213],"195":[215],"dBc/Hz,":[216],"respectively.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}