{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414458628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","title":"Ferroelectric Digital In-Memory Computing for Scalable, Reliable, and Efficient Similarity Computation","display_name":"Ferroelectric Digital In-Memory Computing for Scalable, Reliable, and Efficient Similarity Computation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414458628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060039652","display_name":"Anirban Kar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0727-6192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirban Kar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0727-6192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066812660","display_name":"Albi Mema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7841-1975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albi Mema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7841-1975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093884885","display_name":"Thorgund Nemec","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142027","display_name":"GlobalFoundries (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/045jad561","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35662394","https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorgund Nemec","raw_affiliation_strings":["GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064444897","display_name":"Stefan D\u00fcnkel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142027","display_name":"GlobalFoundries (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/045jad561","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35662394","https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan D\u00fcnkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013521911","display_name":"Halid Mulaosmanovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9524-5112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142027","display_name":"GlobalFoundries (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/045jad561","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35662394","https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halid Mulaosmanovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9524-5112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113965605","display_name":"Sven Beyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142027","display_name":"GlobalFoundries (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/045jad561","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35662394","https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Beyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GlobalFoundries Dresden Module One LLC &#x0026; Co. KG, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142027"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077371510","display_name":"Yogesh Singh Chauhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3356-8917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yogesh Singh Chauhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3356-8917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059133190","display_name":"Hussam Amrouch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-3102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussam Amrouch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-3102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67897164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"2","first_page":"800","last_page":"813"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8015000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitwise-operation","display_name":"Bitwise operation","score":0.35760000348091125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8015000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15544750","display_name":"Memory architecture","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3612452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536792390","https://openalex.org/W1806144281","https://openalex.org/W2006232962","https://openalex.org/W2033811947","https://openalex.org/W2034276882","https://openalex.org/W2062143991","https://openalex.org/W2072610908","https://openalex.org/W2091118421","https://openalex.org/W2112388836","https://openalex.org/W2145680191","https://openalex.org/W2148256155","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2537444166","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2906313120","https://openalex.org/W2906571642","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942841750","https://openalex.org/W2946189125","https://openalex.org/W2959627720","https://openalex.org/W2963363970","https://openalex.org/W2965214385","https://openalex.org/W2980856918","https://openalex.org/W2988640543","https://openalex.org/W3014426053","https://openalex.org/W3032819016","https://openalex.org/W3039362986","https://openalex.org/W3090694869","https://openalex.org/W3158997543","https://openalex.org/W3183791462","https://openalex.org/W3189512725","https://openalex.org/W3200825586","https://openalex.org/W4285186840","https://openalex.org/W4312054642","https://openalex.org/W4321608116","https://openalex.org/W4367359592","https://openalex.org/W4382407505"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Classification-based":[0],"learning":[1],"in":[2,63],"deep":[3],"neural":[4],"networks,":[5],"particularly":[6],"few-shot":[7],"learning,":[8],"demands":[9],"efficient":[10],"similarity":[11],"metrics":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"Hamming":[15,102],"distance.":[16],"Conventional":[17],"architectures":[18],"suffer":[19],"from":[20],"high":[21],"energy":[22],"overheads":[23],"due":[24,58],"to":[25,59,100],"frequent":[26],"data":[27],"movement":[28],"between":[29],"memory":[30],"and":[31,54,87,91,124,174],"processing":[32],"units,":[33],"hindering":[34],"scalability.":[35],"In-memory":[36],"computing":[37],"addresses":[38],"this":[39,165],"by":[40],"integrating":[41],"computation":[42],"within":[43],"memory,":[44],"yet":[45],"analog-based":[46],"systems":[47],"rely":[48],"on":[49],"power-hungry":[50],"analog-to-digital":[51],"converters":[52],"(ADCs)":[53],"face":[55],"scalability":[56],"challenges":[57],"device":[60],"variability,":[61],"especially":[62],"emerging":[64],"memories.":[65],"This":[66],"work":[67],"presents":[68],"a":[69,155,168],"fully":[70],"digital":[71],"Ferroelectric":[72],"FET":[73],"(FeFET)-based":[74],"Logic-in-Memory":[75],"(LiM)":[76],"XOR":[77,97],"cell,":[78,98],"designed":[79],"using":[80],"GlobalFoundries\u2019":[81],"28":[82],"nm":[83],"technology,":[84],"eliminating":[85],"ADCs":[86],"ensuring":[88],"robust,":[89],"energy-efficient,":[90,172],"scalable":[92,175],"operation.":[93],"Our":[94],"2T":[95],"FeFET":[96],"applied":[99],"4096-bit":[101],"distance":[103],"calculations,":[104],"achieves":[105],"<inline-formula":[106,115,125,156],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[107,116,126,140,146,152,157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[108,117,127,141,147,158],"<tex-math":[109,118,128,142,148,159],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$23\\times":[110],"$</tex-math>":[111,120,130,144,150,161],"</inline-formula>":[112,121,131,162],"lower":[113],"energy,":[114],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$3\\times":[119],"faster":[122],"latency,":[123],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$14\\times":[129],"area":[132],"reduction":[133],"over":[134],"state-of-the-art":[135],"designs.":[136],"Delivering":[137],"2337":[138],"Gsamples/(s<inline-formula":[139],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\cdot":[143,149],"</inline-formula>W<inline-formula":[145],"</inline-formula>mm<sup":[151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>)":[153],"\u2014":[154,164],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$300\\times":[160],"improvement":[163],"architecture":[166],"offers":[167],"compelling":[169],"solution":[170],"for":[171],"reliable,":[173],"AI":[176],"hardware,":[177],"driving":[178],"sustainable":[179],"computing.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-02T03:55:41.653505","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}