{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7083465767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3611391","title":"A <i>D</i> -Band 6-bit Bi-directional Variable Gain Phase Shifter With 1.3\u00b0/0.2 dB RMS Phase/Gain Errors in 40 nm Bulk CMOS for 6G Communications","display_name":"A <i>D</i> -Band 6-bit Bi-directional Variable Gain Phase Shifter With 1.3\u00b0/0.2 dB RMS Phase/Gain Errors in 40 nm Bulk CMOS for 6G Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7083465767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3611391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3611391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3611391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lize Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lize Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nengxu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-1838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nengxu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-1838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yibo Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhifu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1419-9466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164386","display_name":"Hebei Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/05k812a28","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Xiong&#x2019;an Taixin Electronic Technology Company Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1419-9466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Xiong&#x2019;an Taixin Electronic Technology Company Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Meilin He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164386","display_name":"Hebei Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/05k812a28","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meilin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Xiong&#x2019;an Taixin Electronic Technology Company Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Xiong&#x2019;an Taixin Electronic Technology Company Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Keyuan Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164386","display_name":"Hebei Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/05k812a28","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebei Xiong&#x2019;an Taixin Electronic Technology Company Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Xiong&#x2019;an Taixin Electronic Technology Company Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Keping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3287-9147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3287-9147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kiat Seng Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4524-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiat Seng Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4524-707X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kaixue Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-2920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaixue Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-2920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fanyi Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0989-3119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanyi Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0989-3119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59900109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"2771","last_page":"2782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.11869999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.11869999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10893","display_name":"Chinese history and philosophy","score":0.10170000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.06560000032186508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-module","display_name":"Phase shift module","score":0.7455999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monolithic-microwave-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Monolithic microwave integrated circuit","score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-line","display_name":"Transmission line","score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-margin","display_name":"Phase margin","score":0.36340001225471497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103864889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480524","display_name":"Phase shift module","level":3,"score":0.7455999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33441834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693004","display_name":"Transmission line","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128450285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945036","display_name":"Monolithic microwave integrated circuit","level":4,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81455027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180955","display_name":"Phase margin","level":5,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91541141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1894933","display_name":"Variable-gain amplifier","level":5,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177502760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782524","display_name":"Automatic gain control","level":4,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110086884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase detector","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3611391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3611391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6758608818054199}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5081647910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6427856517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"demonstrates":[2],"a":[3,17,56,99,108,126,149,169],"<inline-formula":[4],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[5,131],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[6,132],"<tex-math":[7,133],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$D$</tex-math>":[8],"</inline-formula>-band":[9],"bi-directional":[10,94],"variable":[11],"gain":[12,172],"phase":[13,40,68,73,152],"shifter":[14],"(Bi-VGPS),":[15],"adopting":[16],"novel":[18],"phase-compensated":[19],"vector":[20],"modulation":[21],"array":[22,46],"(PC-VMA)":[23],"to":[24,65,156],"compress":[25],"the":[26,29,38,43,48,67,72,76,88,93,146],"phase-invariant":[27],"in":[28,47,83,92,120],"gain-tuning":[30,49],"mode":[31,50],"selection":[32,51],"under":[33],"digital":[34],"controls.":[35],"To":[36],"address":[37],"large":[39],"deviation":[41],"of":[42,75,80,129,163,175],"classic":[44],"transistor":[45,82],"especially":[52],"at":[53],"higher":[54],"frequencies,":[55],"stair-like":[57],"quasi-zero-impedance":[58],"transmission":[59],"line":[60],"based":[61],"PC-VMA":[62],"is":[63,118],"utilized":[64],"compensate":[66],"invariants,":[69],"which":[70],"ensures":[71],"consistency":[74],"asymmetric":[77],"I/O":[78],"ports":[79],"each":[81],"arrays":[84],"and":[85,112,137,165,168],"subsequently":[86],"reduces":[87],"RMS":[89,160],"phase/gain":[90,161],"errors":[91,162],"operation.":[95],"The":[96],"Bi-VGPS":[97,117],"comprises":[98],"coupled-line-based":[100],"hybrid":[101],"coupler,":[102],"four":[103],"compensated":[104],"enhanced":[105],"edge-coupling":[106],"baluns,":[107],"Wilkinson":[109],"power":[110],"combiner,":[111],"two":[113],"PC-VMAs.":[114],"A":[115],"proof-of-concept":[116],"implemented":[119],"40-nm":[121],"bulk":[122],"CMOS":[123],"technology,":[124],"occupying":[125],"core":[127],"area":[128],"0.19mm<inline-formula":[130],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${}^{\\mathbf":[134],"{2}}$</tex-math>":[135],"</inline-formula>":[136],"consuming":[138],"zero":[139],"DC":[140],"power.":[141],"Measurement":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"that":[145],"circuit":[147],"features":[148],"6-bit":[150],"360\u00b0":[151],"shift":[153],"from":[154],"135":[155],"145GHz,":[157],"with":[158],"in-band":[159],"1.27\u00b0-3.39\u00b0":[164],"0.21-0.57":[166],"dB,":[167],"fine":[170],"1-dB-step":[171],"adjustment":[173],"range":[174],"7dB.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T06:02:25.137627","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}