{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413785745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3599485","title":"Efficient and Flexible Deep Learning Processor for Embedded Devices With 99.8% PE Utilization Under Low Silicon Cost","display_name":"Efficient and Flexible Deep Learning Processor for Embedded Devices With 99.8% PE Utilization Under Low Silicon Cost","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413785745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3599485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3599485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3599485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101904608","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9603-9203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9603-9203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012752058","display_name":"Dake Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dake Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087663343","display_name":"Yueming Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueming Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7000-7366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66834073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"2","first_page":"1121","last_page":"1134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.7989000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.7989000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7968999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.7116000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon","display_name":"Silicon","score":0.7091896533966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5026788711547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.403107613325119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3905984163284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.35020890831947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3480948209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31348031759262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.29361414909362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2206684947013855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.7091896533966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5026788711547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.403107613325119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3905984163284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.35020890831947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3480948209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31348031759262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.29361414909362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2206684947013855}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3599485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3599485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1863690482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62504065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3268665991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"625QN267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7485587952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62464005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605487586","https://openalex.org/W3046579227","https://openalex.org/W3143394933","https://openalex.org/W3179654577","https://openalex.org/W4206957512","https://openalex.org/W4211062319","https://openalex.org/W4285327638","https://openalex.org/W4285507310","https://openalex.org/W4289551933","https://openalex.org/W4297094636","https://openalex.org/W4310936523","https://openalex.org/W4313117725","https://openalex.org/W4386275701","https://openalex.org/W4388229172","https://openalex.org/W4388739202","https://openalex.org/W4389722504","https://openalex.org/W4396909834","https://openalex.org/W4402809032","https://openalex.org/W4404294109","https://openalex.org/W4408182637","https://openalex.org/W4409659342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3011831393","https://openalex.org/W2518845051","https://openalex.org/W2038256311","https://openalex.org/W2516241657","https://openalex.org/W2389680235","https://openalex.org/W2895059647","https://openalex.org/W2366625390","https://openalex.org/W2115046010","https://openalex.org/W2029264063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,190],"flexibility":[1],"and":[2,21,52,60,76,125,140,149,158,181,214],"efficiency":[3,199,210],"of":[4,9,67,103,113,136],"accelerator":[5,69],"hinder":[6],"the":[7,44,48,65,74,101,111,134,137,143,186,219],"realization":[8],"DNN":[10,68,92,138,221],"(Deep":[11],"Neural":[12],"Network)":[13],"on":[14,83],"embedded":[15],"devices.":[16],"How":[17],"to":[18,26,98,132,163,178],"design":[19,73,109,112],"efficient":[20,77,121],"flexible":[22,75],"deep":[23,35,78],"learning":[24,79],"processors":[25],"meet":[27],"low-power":[28],"requirements":[29],"while":[30],"supporting":[31],"various":[32],"iteratively":[33,104],"updated":[34,105],"neural":[36,87,106,116],"networks,":[37],"which":[38,94,128],"is":[39,200,211],"a":[40,156,175],"major":[41],"challenge":[42],"in":[43,168],"current":[45],"field.":[46],"Moreover,":[47,171],"significant":[49],"power":[50,183,197,209],"consumption":[51,184,198],"latency":[53],"generated":[54],"by":[55],"data":[56,126,144,160,165],"access":[57,161,166],"between":[58,147],"on-chip":[59,148],"off-chip":[61,150],"memory":[62,169],"have":[63],"been":[64],"bottleneck":[66],"development.":[70],"We":[71],"hence":[72],"processor":[80],"(DLP)":[81],"based":[82],"our":[84,195],"designed":[85],"specific":[86],"network":[88,117],"instruction":[89,119],"set":[90],"for":[91],"inference,":[93],"can":[95,129],"be":[96,130],"used":[97,131],"flexibly":[99],"accelerate":[100,133],"inference":[102],"networks.":[107],"Our":[108,208],"includes":[110],"hardware":[114,187],"architecture,":[115],"acceleration":[118],"set,":[120],"SIMD":[122],"control":[123],"path":[124],"path,":[127],"execution":[135],"programs,":[139],"support":[141],"hiding":[142],"transfer":[145],"time":[146],"memory.":[151],"In":[152],"addition,":[153],"we":[154,172],"propose":[155,174],"parallel":[157],"conflict-free":[159],"scheme":[162],"reduce":[164],"overhead":[167],"system.":[170],"also":[173],"scheduling":[176],"framework":[177],"improve":[179],"performance":[180],"minimize":[182],"under":[185],"resource":[188],"constraints.":[189],"experimental":[191],"results":[192],"indicate":[193],"that":[194],"design\u2019s":[196],"75.3":[201],"TOPS/W":[202],"at":[203],"TSMC":[204],"65":[205],"nm":[206],"process.":[207],"7.6,":[212],"5.5":[213],"4":[215],"times":[216],"higher":[217],"than":[218],"state-of-art":[220],"accelerators":[222],"respectively.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-02T03:55:41.653505","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}