{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412985479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3594961","title":"Low-Power Learnable Digital Audio Feature Extractor for Always-on Keyword Spotting in Edge Devices","display_name":"Low-Power Learnable Digital Audio Feature Extractor for Always-on Keyword Spotting in Edge Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412985479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3594961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3594961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3594961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4221-2534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4221-2534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089416215","display_name":"Jinhai Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-2349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhai Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-2349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042682339","display_name":"Wang Ling Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Ling Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-8941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019055130","display_name":"Yi Sheng Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-6570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Sheng Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-6570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615706","display_name":"Anh Tuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-6818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Tuan Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-6818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075642035","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-2982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-2982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87897616,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"1","first_page":"196","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-spotting","display_name":"Keyword spotting","score":0.7295355796813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.624820351600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.5796841382980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.5756655931472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.507391631603241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-audio","display_name":"Digital audio","score":0.47582128643989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.469165176153183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4551011621952057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4473586678504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-signal-processing","display_name":"Audio signal processing","score":0.43164360523223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3265687823295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28304600715637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-signal","display_name":"Audio signal","score":0.2502099275588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-coding","display_name":"Speech coding","score":0.22675788402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20665127038955688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781213101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398558","display_name":"Keyword spotting","level":2,"score":0.7295355796813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.624820351600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.5796841382980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.5756655931472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.507391631603241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87687168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173114","display_name":"Digital audio","level":4,"score":0.47582128643989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.469165176153183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4551011621952057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4473586678504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127220857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2719318","display_name":"Audio signal processing","level":4,"score":0.43164360523223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3265687823295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28304600715637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64922751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4650799","display_name":"Audio signal","level":3,"score":0.2502099275588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13895895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3270773","display_name":"Speech coding","level":2,"score":0.22675788402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20665127038955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3594961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3594961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034940213","https://openalex.org/W2103869314","https://openalex.org/W2398826216","https://openalex.org/W2588191434","https://openalex.org/W2944216546","https://openalex.org/W2962901777","https://openalex.org/W2964052309","https://openalex.org/W2973049979","https://openalex.org/W2973127906","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3005319366","https://openalex.org/W3034039317","https://openalex.org/W3094272606","https://openalex.org/W3135783778","https://openalex.org/W3196368020","https://openalex.org/W3201079535","https://openalex.org/W4206337665","https://openalex.org/W4210849193","https://openalex.org/W4254308002","https://openalex.org/W4289597973","https://openalex.org/W4295832158","https://openalex.org/W4312555112","https://openalex.org/W4372266841","https://openalex.org/W4384947735","https://openalex.org/W4385079973","https://openalex.org/W4385656556","https://openalex.org/W4385696593","https://openalex.org/W4386473094","https://openalex.org/W4387303318","https://openalex.org/W4387411207","https://openalex.org/W4387609086","https://openalex.org/W4392745730","https://openalex.org/W4392903743","https://openalex.org/W4399425985","https://openalex.org/W4403511229","https://openalex.org/W4404809964","https://openalex.org/W4406727850","https://openalex.org/W4408183053","https://openalex.org/W4408183432","https://openalex.org/W4411446334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2918559346","https://openalex.org/W2114097550","https://openalex.org/W4286904253","https://openalex.org/W3119978414","https://openalex.org/W2516975559","https://openalex.org/W3206647229","https://openalex.org/W4408353962","https://openalex.org/W1969408022","https://openalex.org/W2000885660","https://openalex.org/W2545741539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,40,84],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,53,111],"low-power,":[4],"learnable":[5],"digital":[6],"audio":[7],"feature":[8,48],"extractor":[9,49],"(AuFEx)":[10],"for":[11,99,133,165,177,208],"always-on":[12],"keyword":[13],"spotting":[14],"(KWS)":[15],"in":[16,70,110,167,210],"edge":[17],"devices.":[18],"A":[19],"noise-aware":[20],"design":[21,85,89],"flow":[22,86],"is":[23,159,202,220],"introduced":[24],"to":[25,68,226],"integrate":[26],"the":[27,34,44,60,63,88,125,131,168,211,223,227],"tuning":[28],"of":[29,47,90,139,170,183,213,222],"AuFEx":[30,93,97],"parameters":[31,141,185],"directly":[32],"into":[33],"neural":[35,81],"network":[36,82],"classifier\u2019s":[37],"training":[38,61],"process.":[39],"co-design":[41],"approach":[42],"enables":[43],"joint":[45],"optimization":[46],"and":[50,95,104,117,147,196],"classifier":[51,137,181],"within":[52],"unified":[54],"framework.":[55],"By":[56],"incorporating":[57],"noise":[58],"during":[59],"process,":[62,114],"system":[64],"becomes":[65],"more":[66],"robust":[67],"variations":[69],"signal-to-noise":[71],"ratio":[72],"(SNR),":[73],"maintaining":[74],"high":[75],"inference":[76],"accuracy":[77,122,158,201],"even":[78],"with":[79,124,142,186],"lightweight":[80],"classifiers.":[83],"supports":[87],"both":[91,115],"time-domain":[92],"(TD-AuFEx)":[94],"frequency-domain":[96],"(FD-AuFEx)":[98],"single-keyword":[100],"wake-word":[101],"detection":[102],"(WWD)":[103],"10-keyword":[105,178],"KWS":[106,179],"tasks,":[107],"respectively.":[108],"Implemented":[109],"40nm":[112],"CMOS":[113],"TD-AuFEx":[116,132],"FD-AuFEx":[118,176],"achieve":[119],"over":[120],"2%":[121],"improvement":[123],"smallest":[126],"size":[127,138,182],"backend":[128],"classifier.":[129],"Specifically,":[130],"WWD":[134],"task":[135],"achieves":[136,180],"3.1k":[140],"494":[143],"nW":[144],"power":[145,194],"consumption":[146,195],"<inline-formula":[148,187],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[149,188],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[150,189],"<tex-math":[151,190],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$375~\\mu":[152],"$</tex-math>":[153,192],"</inline-formula>":[154],"s":[155],"latency.":[156,199],"The":[157,175,200],"maintained":[160,203],"between":[161,204],"96.2%":[162],"\u2013":[163,172,206],"97.9%":[164],"SNR":[166,209],"range":[169,212],"5":[171,214],"20":[173,217],"dB.":[174],"6.39k":[184],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.258~\\mu":[191],"</inline-formula>W":[193],"34.625":[197],"ms":[198],"87.5%":[205],"92.2%":[207],"dB":[215],"-":[216],"dB,":[218],"which":[219],"one":[221],"highest":[224],"compared":[225],"other":[228],"state-of-the-art":[229],"designs.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}